American and European Union competition law Essay

American and European Union competition law - Essay Example A private entity may file a suit against the court of law on violation of competition law that caused property or business for monetary compensation. Antitrust law refers to a federal and state system, which promotes competition and blocks the roads of monopoly. In the US under mentioned sanctions may be imposed on violation of competition law a) confiscation of property b) suspension of right for a period of one year c) fine up to the extent of one million USD and above in case of corporation d) for others fine up to 0.100 million USD and imprisonment for a period of three years at least. The aims and objectives of said law is to discourage i) monopolization ii) conspiracy to monopolize and iii) attempt to monopolize by way of merger and acquisition of other business entity. American Legal System The American court system is run at two jurisdictions a) federal level and b) state level. The Supreme Court is the highest court. Two courts have to work under incumbency of Supreme Court of Pakistan a) trial courts and b) appellate courts. The Supreme Court is working under one chief justice and their eight associate justices. Their selection is the prerogative of the competent committee of the Senate. The supreme court of USA each year hears limited number of cases wherein important questions of constitution and the federal law has been raised. The trial court is empowered by the constitution and the law making body to hear criminal or civil cases of all sorts. The court of appeal hears appeal received from trial court of respective jurisdiction to decide the case. It has country wise jurisdiction to hear the specialized cases of appeals such patent laws, the court of international trade and the court of federal claim. Magistrate court helps a lot to minimize the workload of federal circuit courts. The said court has the limited jurisdiction to hear the minor cases of civil or criminal nature. Bankruptcy case deals by the court of Bankruptcy court since the credito rs are not in a position to pay more after liquidating their assets. The USA Tax courts entertain the cases of tax disputes between the parties. The mentioned court comprised of 19 judges appointed by the President who have the expertise on the tax laws. The English Legal System The Great Britain is always referred to a country where common law is prevailed irrespective of other continental country such as France where the mentioned law is called Civil law. A major portion of UK Law is based on legislative acts. It can be primary or secondary legislation. The acts of parliament are considered as Primary legislation where as the legislation of government bodies that the parliament is empowered to legislate is called secondary legislation. Bill in fact is a proposal which is presented in the house of commons or house of lords for debate by the members of Parliament before its passage by the both the houses mentioned hereinabove before becoming an act / law. However, Royal final assent is required for an act / law passed by the House of Lords and House of Commons. Hence, three decisions are expected from the Queen a) assent the law b) dissent the law and c) deferred the law for an appropriate time. Since the Great Britain is the member of European countries, therefore the most laws of the said countries are influenced by English laws. In case of disputes between the EU countries and the UK the law of EU will have an edge over the British laws. Anglo American Common Law

Answering Questions Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 10

Answering Questions - Research Paper Example His ideas about gender roles are therefore reflections of his views of their roles that he develops about them while interacting with them as father, mother, sister, teacher etc. Woolf on the other hand uses her imagination to develop and organize her ideas to compare gender roles before the eighteenth century. While acceding that Shakespeare had the facilitating environment of education, opportunities and support to exploit his potential as a playwright, poet and theatre artist, women were not only deprived of education but were also denied decision making power with regard to their life. Woolf used the concept of male dominant society to imagine the plight of women and stifling of their desire to pursue their dreams. The physical and mental abuse of women has therefore been presented as major factors for the subjugation of women. Moreover, Woolf feels that social dynamics could have forced women to use pseudonyms and many renowned names in the area of art and literature could actually have been women. I do not believe that much has changed since Sanders the time he wrote his essay. The major reasons is that he has contemplated various roles of women, including working women or women could have been abused in relationship etc. as well as men under different situation. While assuming that even if women have become more empowered through education with wider opportunities for becoming financially secure, Sanders believed that men also underwent difficult time and were vulnerable to exploitation by others. Furthermore, essay was written when women were empowered with education and Sanders saw their cribbing as unjustified when men were burdened with more responsibility and subjected to harsher circumstances to maintain their role as breadwinner. Indeed, he believed that circumstances and the way issues are perceived and consequently tackled by individuals becomes critical

Describes the three higher issues of accountability,globalization, and Research Paper

Describes the three higher issues of accountability,globalization, and technology that will most significantly impact higher edu - Research Paper Example Raby, R.& Valeau, E. (2009) Community College Models: Globalization and Higher Education Reform. New York: Springer. This book focuses on community colleges and how they are affected by globalization. In the part that is summarized in the literature review, the authors look at how community colleges can help with humanitarian concerns. It also looks at the neo-liberal model, which means that colleges are looked at like a commodity, and the implications of this in the global world. They also look at the â€Å"global paradox† (p. 23), which means that the needs of the local grow greater as the polity and the economy grows larger. Technology†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦8 Cook, J., White, S., Sharples, M., Sclater, N. & Davis, H. (2007) The design of learning technologies. In Contemporary Perspectives in E-Lea rning Research: Themes, Methods and Impact on Practice. Ed. Grainne Conole and Martin Oliver. New York: Routledge. This article examines new learning technologies, focusing on technologies that encourage students to learn interactively. These technologies include interactive games, and virtual worlds. Also looks at how students may be encouraged to create their own technology. Accountability†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..10 Burke, J. (2005) The many faces of accountability. In Achieving Accountability in Higher Education. Ed. Joseph C. Burke and Associates. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. In this article, Burke looks at what educational accountability means. He focuses on the different types of accountability, which means that universities are accountable to different stakeholders. He also looks at what the changing landsc ape – increasing tuition and enrollments and exploding state needs – means for accountability in higher education. Zumeta, W. (2005) Accountability and the private sector: State and federal perspectives. In Achieving Accountability in Higher Education. Ed. Joseph C. Burke and Associates. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. In this article, the author looks at how state and federal stakeholders view higher education accountability. Erwin, T. (2005) Standardized testing and accountability: Finding the way and the will. In Achieving Accountability in Higher Education. Ed. Joseph C. Burke and Associates. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass. This article looks at the push for standardized testing in higher education, and looks at why educators are opposed to the idea. Conclusion†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..13 Applicationâ₠¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦14 References†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦15 Introduction In higher education today, there are a variety of challenges that educators and college and university leaders must face. One of these challenges is that the world has become increasingly globalized. The implications for the institutions of higher learning are that students must become multi-cultural, and they also must have the skills which are needed in a changing world. These skills are also constantly changing, as there are paradigm shifts in what is necessary to

International trade and payments Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International trade and payments - Essay Example It illustrates on the point of China’s growth on the rest of the world economy. It is assumed that France is importing grapes from the world market. The supply and demand curve of the country and the world market are given by the lines D and S respectively. The world trade price is set at PW and PA is the equilibrium price of the importing price, i.e. France in this case. At price level Pw, the demand for grapes is OQ1 and the supply of grapes is OQ2. Q1Q2 accounts for the amount of shortage of grapes in the domestic market. The amount of imports is also the same for France. As the world price of grapes is lower than the French price, this implies a better off effect for the consumers as lower priced goods are available to them now. But there is a negative effect for the domestic producers. Now, they would have to produce at a lower price in order to compete with the global price. Some of them would be even compelled to leave the market. The above figure depicts how imposition of tariff affects the economy. The French government imposes tariff on imports of grapes. The world price of grapes is at Pw and on implementing tariff the price rises to Pw+t. Initially, Q1 and Q2 were the supply and demand for grapes in the world market, respectively. After tariff, Q3 and Q4 becomes the supply and demand respectively. Thus, imports shrink from Q1Q2 to Q3Q4. Imposing tariff has two beneficial effects. Firstly it adds to the revenue of the government. Secondly, it acts as a protection for the domestic producers, so that they can produce more. Effect on Consumers: Consumers in the importing country, in this case France, suffer a reduction in well being as a result of the tariff. Increase in the domestic prices of goods and services imported reduce the amount of consumer surplus in the market. Effect on Producers: Producers in France experience in well being as a result of the tariff. Increase in prices of their product in the domestic market increase their