Reflection On My Relationship With Emma - 1555 Words

1. Friendship is two people coming together and forming a bond/ trust between them. 2. This is such a congenial aspect to have in life. 3. Some people in the world are not as fortunate to have such an unbreakable friendship with another person. 4. When the word â€Å"friendship† comes to mind; I can’t help myself but to think of Emma. 5. We have so many indelible stories/ moments. 6. Moments that only we are able to understand with each other. 7. Reflecting on my relationship with her, I am able to easily say that she is my best friend. 8. She is extremely cordial, devoted, dependable, and I appreciate everything she has done for me throughout the course of our friendship. 9. The impact she has made on my life is so magnificent that I†¦show more content†¦26. After talking about that for a while we went up to the concession stand because she wanted to get a drink. 27. She got a coke and the label on it said Share a coke with ... and it had the name of the boy we were just talking about on it. 28. We both grew so electrified and found it to be so humorous. 29. Ever since that moment she got the coke; I opened up more and more and we bonded on so many different things and became best friends. 30. Having parents who stay together is infrequent nowadays. 31. Emma has parents who are divorced. 32. They have not been together since she was two years old, and that is something that she really struggles with. 33. One day at school, Emma and I got into an argument over something that was very irrelevant and unnecessary. 34. It was over something as little as arguing over the ketchup container at lunch. 35. I accidentally spilled some of it on her arm. 36. She snapped at me for it. 37. I was very bewildered as to what just happened and why she snapped the way she did. 38. Why did you do that she said in a dejected voice. 39. I said I was sorry and we moved on, but she was very quiet all day. 40. Later on, after school, I was in the car with my mom driving to my doctor’s appointment just telling her what happened and how weird the situation was. 41. About 5 minutes intoShow MoreRelatedDifferent Theories For Counseling Families1031 Words   |  5 Pagesvarious theories to apply when counseling families. Three concepts I have chosen to apply when discussing the Manning-Kelly and my family is: triangulation through cross-generational coalitions, boundaries, and cutoffs. As a class, we have examined the Manning-Kelly in all aspects with their plethora of difficulties. I will use my family to show how these have been illustrated in my own and how they have been dealt with. These three concepts will allow further examination into triangulations, cutoffs, andRead MoreJane Austen s Clueless 1280 Words   |  6 Pagesunderstanding of the transformation derived from Jane Austen’s ‘Emma’ and communicates the issues of rigid social status and confined attitudes to women despite contextual realignments. By adapting the genteel society of Highbury to the superficial microcosm of Beverley Hills, we gain an understand ing of the restricted values placed on social status and the objectivity of women. Both Austen’s and Heckerling’s satirical reflections on Regency England and postmodern America respectively, showcasesRead MoreAnalysis Of Emma s Appropriation Of Jane Austen s 19thc Emma1262 Words   |  6 PagesComparisons of Emma and Clueless pose critical explorations into the importance of context and its role in shaping social values. Heckerling’s appropriation of Jane Austen’s 19thC Emma, provides contrasting social ideals regarding gender and class which can be accredited as a result of their differing contextual settings. Values surrounding the importance of social hierarchy, gender disparities and education are prevalent themes addressed within each text. Due to shifts in social standards duringRead MoreThe Issues Of Social Class Run Rampant1839 Words   |  8 Pagesrampant in both Emma and Jane Eyre. While reading these novels, it was not hard to view where th ese women stood. Jane started as a governess, who fortunately was able to procure an inheritance that rose her to the same standing of Mr. Rochester. Emma, however does not move about in her social class, rather, she â€Å"helps† Jane and Harriet move about their class. Looking at Emma, Emma sees the Woodhouses and Knightleys as coequal, as the town’s distinguished families. The social classes in Emma do not reallyRead MoreCare Delivery6589 Words   |  27 Pagesassignment is to reflect upon my personal and professional development. It will consider the quality of the care I provided, the skills I developed in my specialist placement, plus my learning since the commencement of my nurse training. Personal learning and self-reflection will be identified. I shall be using Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle to consider my practice. Gibbs (1988) Reflective Cycle looks at six aspects which include the following; what happened, what were my thoughts and feelings, whatRead More Flauberts Madame Bovary and Leo Tolstoys Anna Karenina Essay3834 Words   |  16 Pagesof text, whose survivors are obliged to interpret its meaning† (230). Within this obligation to interpret there is the implication that to examine the deaths of Emma Bovary and Anna Kare nina is also to define their lives, to assign meaning both within the contexts of their respective societies and of nineteenth century literature. Emma and Anna both attempt to satisfy their own desires in opposition to what society expects of them, communicating that desire in their active resistance to their assignedRead MoreEssay on The Character of Frank Churchill2047 Words   |  9 PagesChurchill Frank Churchill is one of the dominant characters in Jane Austen’s ‘Emma’ despite the fact that he is not fully introduced until chapter twenty-three. Each of the characters in ‘Emma’ play a role in delivering Austen’s personal comments on the society of that time. Mr Knightley, for example, often reflects Austen’s views of Emma’s behaviour and expresses her own opinions on social issues and through Emma she portrays the views of society. The purpose of Frank’s character is to highlightRead More Gentlemanly Ideals in Emma and Reflections on the Revolution in France2144 Words   |  9 PagesGentlemanly Ideals in Emma and Reflections on the Revolution in France The last two centuries have been full of drastic changes in the human condition. Today, we tend to overlook just how drastic those changes were. Britain during the late 18th Century provides an excellent example because both the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution were chipping away at the established social order. In Britain, the aristocracy had ruled in relative stability since the medieval period. There wereRead MoreTransformation - Jane Austen Emma to Clueless2160 Words   |  9 Pagestransformation Clueless (1995) is derived from Jane Austen’s classic novel Emma (1816) with both texts comparable as they use satire to address similar values. The shift in context enables the texts to reinforce the values of Regency England or 1990s Beverly Hills. Heckerling subverts and appropriates the original text to a cinematic context, through this she can comment on American society thus invoking new meaning to the ideas in Emma. Both composers approach the place of the social hierarchy, placingRead MoreWhat Good Can Might Come From Suffering?2195 Words   |  9 Pagesequivalent to that of a hog. With this being said, Jefferson’s Godmother, Miss Emma, refuses to let the court system rule out her godson for murder just because of racial inequality, but unable to change the consequences, she then refuses to let Jefferson die as a hog, but instead a man. By the unwilling help of a local elementary school teacher, Grant Higgens comes home one day to see his Aunt, Tante Lou, and Miss Emma awaiting his arrival. By first refusing to help Jefferson become a man before

U.s. Foreign Policy Policies - 1847 Words

he New York Times reported that the United States has refrained from systematically attacking Al Qaeda’s franchise in Syria because US-backed fighters coordinate and are enmeshed with the outfit. The newspaper also reported that the Pentagon had refrained in 2015 from attacking ISIS militants in and around the Syrian city of Palmyra in order to further the US foreign policy goal of regime change in Damascus. The United States has a long history of forming tactical alliances with political Islam to counter secular Arab nationalists, whom it views as inimical to its interests of dominating the Arab world, with its vast petroleum resources. Syria, whose constitution describes the country as â€Å"the beating heart of Arabism† and â€Å"bedrock of resistance against colonial hegemony on the Arab world,† is the last of the secular Arab nationalist states opposing US domination and control of the region. A frank discussion in a July 14, 2016 New York Times article [1] acknowledged that US irritation over the Kremlin’s military intervention in Syria has been prompted by Russia focussing its attacks on Al Qaeda’s franchise in Syria, the Nusra Front, an outfit Washington views as an ally of convenience in pursuit of its goal of toppling the pro-independence Arab nationalist Assad government, at the same time it props up client state dictatorships in Egypt, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain and Qatar, while robustly providing military, economic and diplomatic support to the settler regime inShow MoreRelatedU.s. Foreign Policy Policies1370 Words   |  6 PagesThe U.S. foreign policy has always been linked to the domestic policy since the U.S. never feared of expanding its national interests over the national boarders. Isolation for the U.S. usually implied slow economic growth and the large number of destructive conflicts within, while impudent foreign policy always guaranteed an abrupt economic growth for the U.S. economy. After the U.S. intervened in the WWI and the WWII, the U.S. economy witnessed a tremendous economic growth, nearly elimination ofRead MoreU.s. Foreign Policy Decisions716 Words   |  3 Pagesreasons.† (Kaufman pg. 3). Here Kaufman begins to unravel the differences between these two types of foreign policy. The extraordinary are the issues surrounding war, terrorist attacks, cyber warfare. The mundane, is as simple as the labels on your clothing, but as complex as who is allowed entry into the U.S.. These topics do not elicit as much of a reaction, because as Kaufman argues â€Å"the foreign policy decisions that most people know about and follow closely are those that are extraordinary becauseRead MoreU.s. Bush s Administration On Foreign Policy Over The Last Forty Years1717 Words   |  7 Pagesdefinition of unilateralism and its application to US foreign policy over the last forty years. In defining the term, this essay will leave aside the debate between the competing concepts of unilateralism and multilateralism, which has occupied extensive literature after the 9/11 attacks and the following military actions. The essay will  Definition of unilateralism (800 words) Meaning of unilateralism Unilateralism in american foreign policy Was Bush the first one? How long it has beenRead MoreU.s. Foreign Policy Policies Essay1312 Words   |  6 PagesAmerican foreign policy relates to what is done in foreign countries by the United States of America. The foreign policies include controlling of the governments of foreign countries or setting some rules in those countries. The foreign policy of America has always been changing all through the US existence. The changes have stemmed from the dynamics of exogenous and substantial influences of watershed up to the international system and also the effects and changes of endogenous inside the governmentRead MoreU.s. Foreign Policy Policies916 Words   |  4 Pagescandidate and their proposed foreign policy stance which will be enacted should they be elected. Any nation that is apart of a globalized market such as The United States must be careful when choosing their next president. More importantly they need a president that is in tune with the current international system and one that focuses on a foreign policy based on realism instead of a foreign policy based on idealism. In the following, I will look at the foreign policies of the current presidentialRead MoreU.s. Foreign Policy Policies1297 Words   |  6 Pageswill explore how the U.S. intervened in Latin America, more specifically after the World War II. Indeed, the U.S. benefitted greatly from the aftermath of the war. A subsection will be dedicated to the Pink Tide in Latin America, with a focus on the U.S. foreign policy under President GW Bush and President Obama. The overthrown Presidents of Honduras and Paraguay were part of this movement and their outset signals a reversal in the region. The different policies set by the U.S. must be understoodRead MoreU.s. Foreign Policy Policies Essay2045 Words   |  9 Pagesmomentous in its ramifications as it was anticlimactic in its occurrence.† Soviet Premier Gorbachev’s dual policies of glasnost and perestroika had relaxed central control and encouraged self-sufficiency among the republics of Eastern Europe, but it also revealed the underlying economic weakness of the Soviet system. The collapse of the Soviet Union sent shockwaves through a U.S. foreign policy establishment that had, for decades, overwhelmingly focused on the containment of the Soviet Union. LackingRead MoreU.s. Foreign Policy Policies Essay1119 Words   |  5 Pageswith Clinton at 42% and Trump at 40.9% (as of September 15,2016). Donald Trump, who is a successful businessman, turns to a different path to become a p A government’s strategy in dealing with other nations is important in today’s world. The U.S. foreign policy is desi gned to achieve national objectives. There are many immigrated citizens coming into the United States every year. However, we question the ones who are undocumented immigrants. The United States has concerns about the Islamic State groupRead More U.S. Foreign Policy Essay930 Words   |  4 PagesStates has remained consistent with its national interest by taking many different actions in foreign policy. There have been both immediate and long term results of these actions. Foreign policy is the United States policy that defines how we deal with other countries economically and politically. It is made by congress, the president, and the people. Some of the motivations for United States foreign policy are national security, economics, and idealism. The United States entry into World War IRead MoreU.s. Foreign Policy Approaches1424 Words   |  6 PagesThe United States (U.S.) uses two approaches to their foreign policy. The first approach is realism. This viewpoint stresses tha t the principal actors, states, will pursue their own interests in an anarchical world. States will try to establish a balance of power that restrains aggressive states from dominating weaker ones. The second approach is idealism. This view stresses that states should transform the system into a new international order where peace can prevail. This approach emphases the

Essay on The Psychology of King Oedipus - 1012 Words

Oedipus Rex, an ancient Greek tragedy authored by the playwright Sophocles, includes many types of psychological phenomena. Most prominently, the myth is the source of the well-known term Oedipal complex, coined by psychologist Sigmund Freud in the late 1800s. In psychology, â€Å"complex† refers to a developmental stage. In this case the stage involves the desire of males, usually ages three to five, to sexually or romantically posses their mother, and the consequential resentment of their fathers. In the play, a prince named Oedipus tries to escape a prophecy that says he will kill his father and marry his mother, and coincidentally saves the Thebes from a monster known as the Sphinx. Having unknowingly killed his true father Laius during his†¦show more content†¦Thankful after the gods helped him survive and defeat the Sphinx, he forgets their ultimately capricious and vindictive nature, eventually leading to his attempt to avoid the prophecy that causes him to ful fill it. To any Ancient Greek man, woman, or child, this attitude toward the gods would expose extreme naivete. Oedipus’s blindness to the realities of life reflects the type of development seen in boys undergoing Oedipal complexes, who still see their mother as attainable objects of affection. The next stage on his of the journey to self-awareness is doubt. Oedipus demonstrates the puerile arrogance by refusing to accept the truth even as more and more proof of his inadvertent sins. He uses many common coping strategies to avoid the cruel truth of his fate. For instance, when he invites the distinguished prophet Teiresias to help him cure Thebes, he begins respectfully but quickly turns impatient and insolent when the prophet refuses to answer his questions, threatening to use his power as king to punish this disobedience, though by doing this Oedipus himself displays the same defiance toward the will of the gods being channeled through Teiresias. Eventually, Teiresias angrily reveals: â€Å"I say you are the murderer of the king/whose murderer you seek.† (Oed. 362-363) Oedipus, of course, orders him away and quickly returns to his state of denial, albeit somewhat disturbed. To dismiss the idea completely, he uses another coping strategy, blame, scapegoatingShow Mor eRelatedThe Mythology Of The Greek Mythology1438 Words   |  6 Pagespeople often forget is that the Ancient Greeks were and still are such a great influence towards our Western culture. Of course, they are not the only ones who have contributed to our knowledgeable society. Though, when it comes to the category of psychology I believe that the Ancient Greeks contributed the most, specifically with their mythology. A myth is defined as a traditional or legendary story, collection, or study. It is derived from the Greek word mythos, which simply means story. The GreekRead MoreEssay on Inside the Head of Sigmund Freud1568 Words   |  7 Pagespsychopathology by using the â€Å"talking cure†. The talking cure is best known as a one to one talk between the patient and the doctor. He is also known for his radical and complex theories such as the Oedipus complex, and the Electra complex. His fields include neurology, philosophy, psychiatry, psychology, psychotherapy and psychoanalysis. Many question his authenticity since there is no proof or record of Freud holding a degree, more less a doctorate. However, there is proof that he did study at theRead MoreOedipus Rex by Sophocles683 Words   |  3 PagesThe play Oedipus Rex is a Greek tragedy written by Sophocles during a time when Athens was the major power of the world. During this period, people believed that the Gods had control over thei r destiny. The play itself opens up as a detective story, because there is murder, and mystery surrounding the murder, as well as solving the mystery as the central theme and ultimate conclusion of the story. A plague has befallen the city of Thebes and so King Oedipus sends his in-law Creon to the Oracle ofRead MoreOedipus Complex Essay793 Words   |  4 Pagesinvestigated and observed these connections. Sigmund Freud was heavily involved in researching psychology, which lead him to construct many theories such as the Unconscious Mind, the Psyche, and Oedipus Complex. Although the Oedipus Complex was created from the play, Oedipus the King by Sophocles, the Oedipus Complex does not apply to the tragedy of Oedipus because he did not know who his true parents were. The Oedipus Complex is a theory in which children develop sexual feelings for the parent of the oppositeRead MoreTheories of Psychology in Fairy Tales Essay example1521 Words   |  7 PagesTheories of Psychology in Fairy Tales Many parents read fairy tales to their children. Young people are able to use their imaginations while listening to these fantastical stories. Filled with dragons, witches, damsels in distress, and heroes, these tales stay in the mind children for years to come. However, these young listeners are getting much more than a happy ending. Fairy tales such as The Goose Girl, The Three Little Pigs, Cinderella, and Snow White one can find theoriesRead MoreOedipus and Othello Essay573 Words   |  3 Pagesforget about a tragic event. In psychology catharsis is a form of technique that is used to relieve any type of anxiety by bringing repressed feelings and fears to consciousness. In tragic plays catharsis is the emotion that makes the audience feel pity, fear, and a sense of relief instead of hopelessness in the end of the play. In the tragedies Oedipus the king by Sophocles and Othello the moor of Venice by Shakespeare we feel these same emotions towards Oedipus and Othello. We pity them as theRead MoreThe Psychological Connection to Oedipus the King1387 Words   |  6 Pages’†¦The second function of myth is to justify an existing social system and account for traditional rites and customs.† Oedipus the King written by Sophocles in 430 B.C. focuses around the second function that Graves noted. The play has been around for centuries, has evoked psychological theories, and will remain a classic. Sophocles has managed to touch on social, ethical, psychology, and more importantly philosophical issues in one play. Perhaps one of the most popularly known psychologist, Freud,Read MoreSigmund Freud : A Scientific Theory956 Words   |  4 Pagesthoroughly than any other psychologist who came before him. Sigmund Freud has influenced different areas such as: psychology, art, literature, and even how people think and make choices today. Freud is said to be the founding father of the psychodynamic perspective and believed that most human behavior is cau sed by dark, unpleasant, unconscious impulses pressing for expression (King). When Freud came up with psychoanalysis he discovered a new science and incorporated a new scientific method of dealingRead MoreOedipus Complex Essay1115 Words   |  5 Pagesheard of the Oedipus Complex? Thank Greek playwright Sophocles and Sigmund Freud. In short, the Oedipus Complex, is when a male is born, a â€Å"fondness† or â€Å"lust† is created for his mother and a hatred for his father. In due time, the idea became prevalent after the works of Sophocles and was adapted for psychology. Nevertheless, Oedipus Rex was written around the 5th century B.C.E. Later, to continue the story Sophocles wrote Antigone. Oedipus Rex follows the character of Oedipus, the King of ThebesRead MoreThe Death Of A Salesman857 Words   |  4 PagesSome stories have stood the test of time. These stories are relatable are leave readers feared perplexed. Oedipus the King is the tragic story of a man whose f igurative blindness at a young age lead to his literal blindness at an old age. The Death of a Salesman converts this to a modern society of a man who just wants to do good for his family but doesn t see the effect of his actions. Although 2400 years separate these stories, readers can still relate to both the same. The genre of tragedy is

Teenagers With Identity Issues High School Is The Most...

High school is the most important time for teenagers and it is the time where they grow and learn to think differently about their self. If we could recall back to any films that has been made from the past years for example, Cyberbully, Mean girls, Cassi and vise versa, we could see that this these films focus on teenagers concerning about identity and their self; whether popularity that boost their confidence, and bullying. However, this paper will be about the observation conducted at McDonald’s; the first part of the essay will focus on the environment, secondly, the adolescent’s physical characteristic, then social skills, language skills, and behavior. The essay will continue on discussion about some possible programs that should be created to help middle adolescents or teenagers with identity issues; because identity affects all categories of development. For this first assignment, the age group that is discussed in the paper is focused on middle adolescence from age sixteen to seventeen years of age. The adolescent that has been chosen for this observation paper is a senior in High school and have just recently started her job not long ago. The observation took place in the work setting and because it was a fast food restaurant it was hard to take note of her language skills due to the noises and chatting near by. Moreover, the building was crowded with customers dining around the lobby, there were loud chatting and noises from the play area however it was possibleShow MoreRelatedA Young Adult ( Ya ) Novel, By Laurie Halse Anderson1667 Words   |  7 PagesIn a young adult (YA) novel, it is very important for an author to capture the voice of a teenager. This is because a very important characteristic of YA literature is that the author can assume the voice of a teenager, or the voice of the audience of their literature. Laurie Halse Anderson does a good job of this throughout the novel, giving a reasonable summary of what life in high sc hool could be for a freshman. While a freshman in high school may have trouble adjusting to life from eighth gradeRead MoreThe Breakfast Club, By John Hughes1342 Words   |  6 PagesHigh school, the stage of life when young adults begin to learn of their place in society and the lessons of life. The harsh conditions of being thrown into an ocean of peer pressure, social status, world issues and varying opinions causes rapid growth to occur. Some gather into groups, called cliques, to overcome these hardships, while others fight them head on by themselves. In the coming to age movie, The Breakfast Club, five different high school teenagers are forced to be together one SaturdayRead MoreWhy I Be Socially Compatible With Other Members Of A Group1170 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Fitting in with society is a very important thing today. To fit in and be accepted by their friends and the public, many teenagers change numerous different aspects of their personality to fit in with others so that they will feel that they belong with everyone else. I personally believe that everyone should be themselves and not change their personality to fit in with others. By finding out the reasons why people want to fit in and how they feel about fitting in, I hope to change people’sRead MoreDoes online social networking hinder the development of teenagers?1197 Words   |  5 Pagesnetworks that would enable the interaction of citizens of different countries. Teenagers, being the main players of the online generation, have been caught up in the mix of online social networks as they have grown into a period whereby technology has revolutionized the way people go about their daily activities. However, due to the excessive amount of time spent on these networks and the onl ine freedom that teenagers have, granted from social networking sites, they are left prone to negative effectsRead MoreThe Duff Is A Teen Movie1494 Words   |  6 Pagesmyopic view of life as a normal, nameless high school student. The movie begins as the main character, Bianca Piper, walked down in the school hall way with her best friends, Jessica and Casey, who were known as the popular girls at school. Jessica and Casey got party invitation from the mean girl Madison, and they decided to bring Bianca to the party too. At the party, Bianca was just one of those nameless and faceless people in a sea of popular teenagers. The only boy who approached her and talkedRead MoreEssay on Problems Associated with Gender Socialization in Society1637 Words   |  7 Pagesperson wants to do or act and what society expects, then society may not accept this person and there may be severe emotional trauma. Typically the people who do not act as society expects them to, it is almost always a large or major difference or issue. Some things that is not expected in society but does occur by the choice of that particular person include, boys who show emotions or how they feel, or is compassionate. Society tends to label these particular boys as cry babies or wimps. Other thingsRead MoreAnalysis Of The Movie The Breakfast Club Essay1727 Words   |  7 PagesThe iconic coming-of-age movie The Breakfast Club, focuses on the development of five, seemingly very different high school students. In the movie we are presented with the five main characters all with stereotypes that they identify with. Claire is the princess or the beauty queen, John, often referred to by his last name â€Å"Bender,† is the criminal, Brian is the brain or the nerd, Andrew, is the athlete, a wrestler , and finally Allison is the basket case or the weirdo. The story is set in saturdayRead MoreLooking into the Mirrior: Homosexuals Human Rights in the USA1396 Words   |  6 Pagesqueer theory was developed, although there are obviously important antecedents which make it difficult to date it precisely. There are a number of ways in which queer theory differed from earlier gay liberation theory, but an important initial difference can be gotten at by examining the reasons for opting for the term ‘queer’ as opposed to ‘gay and lesbian.’ Some versions of, for example, lesbian theory portrayed the essence of lesbian identity and sexuality in very specific terms: non-hierarchicalRead MoreThe Controversial Issues Of Young People Using Internet And Communication Technologies1680 Words   |  7 Pageswidely used. The consequences of them on young people are powerful, however it has been an argumentative issue throughout years as the impacts contain both positive and negative sides. Based on the data from American life Project, there is an increasing rate of young peopl e using smartphones and online social networking site such as Facebook, Twitter. This essay focuses on the controversial issues of young people using internet and communication technologies, whether this should be concerned or notRead MorePhysical Maturation B : Cognitive Development And Schooling1406 Words   |  6 PagesThis chapter includes three major topics: a) Physical maturation b) cognitive development and schooling c) threats to adolescents’ well-being. Adolescence is the time of psychological and physical change and growth. Adolescents grow very rapidly in physical appearance like weight and height. Puberty is the time when sexual organs become mature and start to produce the sex hormones. Cultural and environment are two factors of puberty. Girls who are grow in the wealthier family have menstruation begins

Cardiovascular Condition Essay Example For Students

Cardiovascular Condition Essay Word Count: 1460ing can be defined as the efficient transport and utilization of necessary oxygen and nutrients to the tissues of the body. The cardiovascular system needs to be well conditioned to enable the body to deliver adequate oxygenated blood and nutrients to the working muscles, in addition to improving the muscles capacity to use extra oxygen. Cardiovascular training is the most important style of training both for general health and for overall athletic performance. Exercising can lower stress levels and decrease the levels of depression by stimulating the blood flow to the brain. Cardiovascular conditioning is an alternative medicine in sometimes treating accurences of stress. According to Elaine Blinde (1999) in the Journal of Sport Behavior, one of the major systems of the body, which is effected by cardiovascular conditioning, is the circulatory system. With proper exercise the heart becomes stronger and is able to use energy more efficiently. Blood pressure will lower because the heart muscle does not have to work as hard to pump the blood. The heart will beat fewer times per minute while it is at rest, but it will be able to deliver a greater amount of blood with each stroke as a result of adequate conditioning. Conditioning has other benefits to cardiovascular fitness as well. It will increase oxygenation of the blood due to the fact that while exercising deep breathing increases the blood flow to the lungs. Under a well-planned conditioning program conditioning can help lower the rate of depression and stress.. Individuals who exercise regularly have a lower rate of depression and stress than individuals who do not participate in an exercise program. Stephan Tomlinson (2000) has shown that one of the most important aspects of conditioning for the heart is the warm-up. Warming-up before intense exercise gradually increases the heart rate and releases a lot of unwanted negative energy. Sudden extreme exercise can cause the heart to demand more oxygen than the circulatory system can provide, resulting in strain on the heart muscle. Warming-up will help to prevent heart attacks that result from abnormal heart rhythms. During the first one or two minutes of exercise, before the heart has pumped enough oxygenated blood to the working muscles, the muscles are powered by anaerobic energy. In order for these muscles to continue exercise, the body must supply them with continuous supply of oxygen, the more efficiently this is done, the better the cardiovascular fitness level. During cardiovascular conditioning, a program such as interval training can help to relieve some of the discomfort of anaerobic exercise, increasing muscular endurance. Interval training is a good method for competitive runners in which usual aerobic training is mixed with several repetitions of faster running. Not only does this program increase muscular endurance, it also helps to increase the temperature of the muscles. The higher the temperature of the m uscle cells, the faster they are able to metabolize oxygen and fuel they need. Cardiovascular helps to increase muscle mass, and as muscle mass increases more fat cells are burned. This training helps in releases energy and causes the blood flow to excerlerate at a higher demand. Causing stress levels in the body to drop. With proper training, the bodys usage of oxygen can be improved by up to twenty-five percent. Cardiovascular endurance is best improved by training with the right balance of intensity, duration, and frequency. The right intensity is determined by monitoring training pulse. Once exercise is finished the pulse should be taken immediately. According to Myer, Malott, Gray and Tudor-Locke (1999) an adequate beginners rate is 120-130 beats per minute; intermediate (after 3-6 weeks of training) 130-140 beats per minute; and conditioned athletes should have a training pulse of 160 or higher. If training pulse is too high the athlete should slow the pace to get the best ben efits of the training. The duration of training is determined by monitoring the recovery pulse rate. After a heavy cardiovascular workout, the athlete should wait two minutes and take the pulse, if the duration is appropriate it should have dropped approximately twenty-five to thirty percent of the training pulse. If it doesnt recover quickly the duration is too long and the time of exercise should be decreased. The frequency of a workout should be a combination of heavy and light exercise. Three times per week (every other day) the athlete should exercise at the highest training pulse. On the other two to three days in between, the intensity should be the same or somewhat easier, but the duration should be one-third to one-half of what it is on heavier days. The easier pace and shorter distance on lighter days helps to clean out work waste products that are produced in the tissues on previous heavy training days. Even the most dedicated person should take one day off per week to re st. After the first week the person will notice a difference in he or shes life style. They would feel more confident and less stressfull. Resulting in either improvement in grades or work habits. After following the complete schedule or exercise weekly, the person will not only find visual improvements but social improvements also. .u0be490145294ff939f7f0bbddc35e83c , .u0be490145294ff939f7f0bbddc35e83c .postImageUrl , .u0be490145294ff939f7f0bbddc35e83c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u0be490145294ff939f7f0bbddc35e83c , .u0be490145294ff939f7f0bbddc35e83c:hover , .u0be490145294ff939f7f0bbddc35e83c:visited , .u0be490145294ff939f7f0bbddc35e83c:active { border:0!important; } .u0be490145294ff939f7f0bbddc35e83c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u0be490145294ff939f7f0bbddc35e83c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u0be490145294ff939f7f0bbddc35e83c:active , .u0be490145294ff939f7f0bbddc35e83c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u0be490145294ff939f7f0bbddc35e83c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u0be490145294ff939f7f0bbddc35e83c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u0be490145294ff939f7f0bbddc35e83c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u0be490145294ff939f7f0bbddc35e83c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u0be490145294ff939f7f0bbddc35e83c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u0be490145294ff939f7f0bbddc35e83c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u0be490145294ff939f7f0bbddc35e83c .u0be490145294ff939f7f0bbddc35e83c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u0be490145294ff939f7f0bbddc35e83c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The Dustbowl of America in the 1930s Essay One of the best ways to test your level of cardiovascular fitness is to ask yourself how much oxygen you use per minute. Myer, Malott, Gray and Tudor-Locke (1999) explain that the more oxygen used per minute the better condition youre in (Max VO2). This simply means that if the heart and lungs can supply a large amount of oxygen to the tissues the body is able to go farther, and faster, before fatigue sets in. It is important to take into consideration some key things before you design your conditioning program: your current fitness level, what you hope to achieve, how much time you are willing to spend, what health risks do you have, and how motivated are you to begin your program. There are a number of different pieces of exercise equipment that can assist you with your conditioning program, though it is important to be sure that the equipment will be used. It cannot work if it is not put to use. According to Blinde (1999) the most common training aids are stationary bikes, rowing machines, and treadmills. A good program for beginners is the walk-jog routine. If you have not been exercising regularly or are recovering from an injury, this is a gradual, progressive program. To begin with walk one hundred paces, and then jog one hundred paces, alternating for ten minutes each day. Gradually walk ten fewer paces and jog ten more, continue on with this pattern until you are jogging for ten minutes straight. Once you have achieved this you can increase your jogging speed until it is within training range. Based on the research I did for the comparision of cardiovascular conditioning and stress levels in people, my hypothesis is that at the end of my experiment cardiovascular training will minimize the levels of stress in people. I assume that the two will corelate together in finding a solution to lower stress. Based on my research, I found that cardiovasular training excerates the blood and pumps more blood to the brain. This blood flow releases unwanted negative energy and prevents you from thinking about the problem that caused the stress. Obviously cardiovascular fitness is very important. The cardiovascular system of our body is extremely vital and helps to fuel not only our muscular system but it also fuels our mind.. By conditioning, for an average person, they are decreasing their risk of serious conditions caused by stress, and are also building up their strength and endurance as well. For an stressed out person, cardiovascular conditioning helps them to build their endurance and speed, and helps them to increase their self-esteem by utilizing the oxygen they need more efficiently. It is important to have that base of cardiovascular fitness because it improves many aspects of our life, such as; work habits, appearance, health and mentality. METHOD:The method I used in finding the relationship between cardiovascular conditioning and stress levels was that I took a random sample of men and females over the ages of 18. ReferencesBlinde , Elaine Taub, Taub, Diane. (1999). Personal empowerment through sport and physical fitness. Journal of Sport Behavior, 22, 181-202. Monsen, Elaine. (2000). Take food and fitness: Health for a lifetime to heart. Journal of American Dietetic Association, 100, 286. Myer, A., Malott, O., Gray, E., and Tudor-Locke, C. (1999). Measuring accumulated health-related: Benefits of exercise participation for older adults. Journal of Gerontology, 54A, M456. Tomlinson, Stephan. (2000). The research assessment exercise and medical research. BritishMedical Journal, 320. 636-639.

Implementation of Medication Safety Alerts †Free Samples to Students

Question: Discuss about the Implementation of Medication Safety Alerts. Answer: Introduction: The interactive system evaluated in this report is AutoCAD. AutoCAD is a computer-aided design (CAD) program or software that is used to create technical 2D or 3D drawings, models or illustrations of buildings, machines, computer chips, manufacturing goods, bridges, roads, fashion products, etc. This is one of the most complex interactive systems. It is used by different professionals such as engineers, architects, designers, artists, drafters (civil drafters, mechanical drafters, electrical drafters, architectural drafters, electrical drafters and electronics drafters), contractors, building managers, game developers, 3D animators, graphic designers, product manufacturers, prototype designers, and inventors, among others. Though largely used in engineering field, AutoCAD software also has applications in different other fields such as fashion and medicine/healthcare(Letafatkar, et al., 2011). The professionals that use AutoCAD are assumed to have been trained on how to use the softw are and fully understand CAD principles. Therefore users of AutoCAD must possess requisite technical knowledge and skills. Nevertheless, AutoCAD is also used as a learning tool that enhances students understanding(Gracia-Ibanez Vergara, 2016) (especially engineering students)(Zakaria, et al., 2012). AutoCAD users have a wide range of capabilities. They can use the software to create 2D or 3D models or drawings of structures or products they want to create; create and provide dimensions (baseline dimensions, angular dimensions or radial dimensions), measurements and notes of the structure or product; create technical blueprints and schematic of structures and products; create layers (that can be turned on and off) of various systems of the structure (such as plumbing systems, electrical systems, heating systems, ventilation systems and air conditioning systems) or product; import layers from other drawings and add them to the working drawing; edit, modify or make changes to the drawings created to correct any errors and ensure that they are as per the required specifications; insert blocks that have already been used or created on the drawing; import a PAGESETUP from other drawings(Pei, 2017); create custom palettes and blocks; create different viewports of the drawing; manipulat e external references; create and apply materials; apply rendering; provide measurements of materials needed to create the structures and products; think creatively and critically; analyze drawings extensively; read and analyze drawings critically; and prepare appropriate drawings template files and construction or manufacturing documentation. Other fundamental capabilities of AutoCAD users include: meticulously understand all commands of the software; know and use shortcut keys so as to finish the design work more quickly; understand all drafting techniques, symbols and codes; quick in learning any new software tools and commands; plan properly on how to start and finish a project successfully; communicate and collaborate effectively with other project team members; store and retrieve data and files easily and quickly; save files in different formats; use the software together with other relevant systems, tools and technologies such as Excel, Building Information Modeling (BIM), lean manufacturing tool, etc., and present final work elegantly, precisely and professionally; interpret drawings clearly. These capabilities vary depending on the knowledge level of the user. The users tested in this paper will be categorized as beginner users, intermediate users, and advanced users. The use cases The subsets of the functionality of AutoCAD software that will considered in this report are: import saved settings of layers from a different drawing (particularly dimension styles, color styles and text styles) and use them in another drawing; insert blocks from other drawings or online sources, and quantity estimation that involves estimating the quantity of materials needed to create the designed structure or product. Therefore the use cases considered in this report are: importing and using layers from a different drawing, inserting blocks that were used and saved in a different drawing, and quantity estimation. All these tasks are completed and tested using AutoCAD. In the first use case, dimension styles, color styles and text styles (layer settings) that were used and saved in a different drawing will be imported and used in the new drawing. The user will be required to start the AutoCAD software, open the working page where the drawing is being created, and follow the requir ed commands so as to important the right layers from the saved drawing and use it in the drawing that is being worked on. In the second use case, the user will have to obtain several blocks from both saved design drawings, and insert them in the drawing that is being worked on. The blocks will include drawing details and symbols. In the third use case, the user will be estimating the total amount of materials that are required to build, manufacture or create the designed structure or product. The quantities of individual components will be determined them summed up to find the total estimate. This report will not consider other use cases of AutoCAD, such as creating new blocks, applying rendering, analyzing drawings comprehensively, importing a PAGESETUP, modifying drawings to accommodate new changes, preparing drawing documentations, etc. The focus will only be on the three use cases mentioned above. In all these use cases, the AutoCAD user must have the requisite capabilities to perform the tasks. For instance, the user must fully understand the tools and commands that should be used, and how to use them. The evaluation methodology The fundamental goal of this process is to determine the capabilities of different AutoCAD users in performing the above mentioned use cases. This will help in determining the most suitable human factors that should be considered when designing AutoCAD and other interactive systems. It is very important to consider human factors when designing interactive systems(Leva, et al., 2015); (Phansalkar, et al., 2010). This is because human factors significantly influence the interaction between users and the systems(Robert, 2011);(Samer, 2016). If appropriate human factors are not considered then users interaction, capabilities and understanding of the systems may not be as good as needed(Al-Ageel, et al., 2015). In other words, human factors influence user capabilities and experience(Abduljalil Kang, 2011); (Saeed, et al., 2014). The users were categorized into three groups: beginner users, intermediate users, and advanced users. Beginner users are those with basic AutoCAD skills. They may be still in the process of training or learning how to use AutoCAD. Intermediate users are those with considerable AutoCAD skills. They are usually those that have completed AutoCAD training and using it for some time. Advanced users are those with high-level AutoCAD capabilities. They must have used the software for quite a long time and therefore are very conversant with it. Each user was required to perform the three tasks consecutively. Before starting to perform the tasks, users were required to note down the goal or expected outcome of the task, state the general procedure of performing each task, list commands that will be used in performing the task, identify various icons or symbols used in performing the task, state the inputs for each task, and give the estimated time to complete the tasks. Thereafter, users exec uted the three tasks, one at a time. After completing the tasks, users were asked to answer questions and give their feedback on the following issues: inputs used, ease of identifying icons, layout complexity, ease of finding and using commands, number of shortcut keys used, quality of texts and images, total time taken to complete the three tasks, efficiency, error frequency, monotony and boredom, task effectiveness, autonomy and user satisfaction. All these tasks were performed using the same version of AutoCAD AutoCAD 2014, installed in desktop computers in the university computer lab. The three tasks in this paper are: importing saved layers from a different drawing, inserting blocks obtained from another drawing, and quantity estimation. Importing layers: layers are one of the elements of AutoCAD drawings that significantly influences how the final drawing looks like. The specific layers imported in this report were dimension styles, color styles and text style. When layer is entered as a command prompt, various options are displayed depending on the structure or product being drawn. If it is building, layer options can include foundation, floor plan, fixtures, doors, cabinets, roof, electrical, plumbing, etc.(Pandey, 2016). The properties and visibility of these objects can be controlled using layers such as linetype, color, etc. Generally, layers help in organizing various objects of the drawing by purpose or function thus reducing its complexity(Autodesk Inc., 2015). They also help in improving visibility of the drawing. Inserting blocks: a block refers to a named object comprising of one or more objects(Autodesk Inc., 2018). When a block is inserted, all information of the block (including layers, linetypes, geometry and colors) are also transferred and stored in a table of definitions behind-the-scenes. The blocks inserted in this exercise were from a different drawing. It is also worth noting that blocks can be inserted from the current drawing. Estimating quantity of materials: AutoCAD can be used to calculate or compute quantities of materials that are needed to create a structure, machine or product that is in the drawing. Since AutoCAD drawings are organized in layers, the user has to estimate materials for each individual layer. For example, if it is a house drawing, the user estimate materials for the floor, doors, windows, roof, fixture, etc. In this task, the user has to estimate volumes of materials for the entire drawing. These tasks aimed at determining users capabilities to use various commands, elements and tools of AutoCAD including: basics such as unitsproperties, commands such as linetype, properties and matchprop, viewing (such as draw order), layers, layouts (such as mview), geometry (such as circle, line, hatch, pline and rectang), precision (such as dist and osnap), blocks (such as external blocks and insert), modifying (such as align, copy, mirror, fillet, erase, extend, explode, rotate, trim, stretch, move, offset, move and pedit commands), dimensions (such as dimaligned, dimlinear, dimangular, diradius, dimdiameter, dimcontinue, and dimstyle), notes labels (such as mleader, style, mtext and mleaderstyle), and printing (such as plot and pagesetup), among others. Besides understanding these commands and tools, the tasks also aimed at determining how users understand and use shortcut keys. Task descriptions Importing layers is executed using the LAYER command, which comprises Layer Properties Manager. The command can be accessed by either clicking Layer Properties tool icon or entering LA or LAYER in the Command window. This displays all layers of the drawing, including current layer, and shows those that are on or off. The user has to choose the layer that he/she wants to work. In the Layer Properties Manger, the user clicks on Layer State then clicks on Manage Layer States from the drop-down list that appears. The user then clicks Import from the Layer States Manager drop-down list. From the dialog box of Import Layer State, the user opens a file name extension that can be .dws, .dwg, or .dwt. The users selected three layer states to import (one at a time) then clicked OK. The layer states that were imported included dimension style, color style and text style. Blocks in this exercise were inserted from another drawing. To do this, the user clicks on Home tab then clicks on Block panel. The user chooses the INSERT command after which a dialog box opens. From the dialog box, the user clicks o Browse button. He/she searches through various options then selects the specific drawing from which to import the block. Thereafter, the user uses the settings in dialog box to insert the block. Some of the section options in the dialog box settings include: Insertion Point section, Scale section and Rotate section. Insertion Point section is where the user specifies the coordinates or exact location where to insert the block. Scale section is used to specify the scale to be used in the drawing. Rotate section is where the user specifies the rotation angle of the block. There is also Explode command that can be used to make other changes to the block(Finkelstein, 2012). After completing these tasks, the user clicks on OK and the block insertion process is complete. Quantity estimation is this case use was executed by clicking on Vision Tools command followed by Roombook panel then Calculate Room Quantities (for a building drawing). After completing the calculation process, the user clicked on View/Edit Results button. This enabled him/her to view subareas related to each of the room quantity that was calculated. This command also helps in making some adjustments such as wall height, threshold area, window area, top ceiling factor, etc.(Autodesk.Help, 2017). The list of materials and their volumes was generated using Materiallist command. The user typed Materiallist in the command line. This was followed by selecting the objects that the user wanted to be included in the material list. After selecting all objects, the user pressed Enter. By pressing F2, the user was able to see the list of material definitions in AutoCADs text window. It is possible to select the material definitions list and copy paste it in MS Word document(Autodesk Inc., 2017 ). Debriefing procedure The methodology is this paper aims at determining the capabilities of different AutoCAD users in three use cases. The user tasks are to import layers, insert blocks and estimate material quantities in AutoCAD. These tasks or use cases will reveal a wide range of information about AutoCAD users. At the end of each use case, the following questions will have been answered: does the user understand the goals or expected results of the use case? Does the user know the overall procedure of the task or use case? Can the user approximate the total time needed to execute the task? Does the user know the required inputs in each task or use case? Does the user know the commands that will be used in each of the tasks or use cases? Does the user understand various shortcut keys that can be used in performing the task? Is the user able to identify various icons and tools? Is the system layout too complex for the user? How many errors did the user make? Were the tasks effectively and efficiently e xecuted? How many times did the user request for assistance? And did the user enjoy or find it easy to execute the tasks? The methodology used in this paper was able to answer all these questions. Evaluation performance In this study, a total of 30 students participated. The students were studying engineering courses at the university. 10 of them were AutoCAD beginners, 10 were intermediate AutoCAD users and 10 were advanced AutoCAD users. The tasks were performed in the universitys computer lab using AutoCAD 2014 version. The participants were informed about the use cases (tasks), the objectives of the study and the expected conduct during the exercise. There were also two tutors present in the computer lab during the exercise to help students where necessary. The tutors had advanced knowledge in AutoCAD use. Besides that, three engineering lecturers assessed the students work. The students also filled a form to indicate various elements based on the experience they had from performing the three tasks in AutoCAD. In general, evaluation of this exercise was based on the following: students understanding of the expected results at the end of each task, students understanding of the steps to be used i n executing the tasks, ability to estimate the total time needed to complete the three tasks, complexity of the AutoCAD system, ability of students to outline inputs needed to complete the tasks, students ability to name the commands used in performing each task, students ability to know the shortcut keys for various command, number of errors made by the student, students efficiency and effectiveness to perform the tasks, easiness or difficulty of executing the tasks, and overall satisfaction of the students. Some of the results obtained from this study are as follows: The number of users who stated the steps followed to complete each task is as shown in the table below Steps Number of users of total steps 8 N of total steps 13 N of total steps 9 From Figure 1 above, it shows that most of the users know the general procedure of executing the tasks. Nevertheless, advanced users were able to state the whole procedure, followed by intermediate users then beginners some of whom could not highlight all the steps. The average number of commands identified by the participants before starting to execute the tasks are as shown in the table below User Number of commands Beginner 5 Intermediate 10 Advanced 15 The graph in Figure 2 above shows that all users were able to identify some commands used in executing the tasks. The advanced users identified more commands, followed by intermediate users then beginners identified the least number of commands. It is an indicator that advanced users have more knowledge and skills about the commands used. The average number of shortcut keys identified by the participants before starting to execute the tasks are as shown in the table below User Number of shortcut keys Beginner 4 Intermediate 8 Advanced 12 The graph in Figure 3 above shows that all users were able to identify some shortcut keys used in executing the tasks. The advanced users identified more shortcut keys, followed by intermediate users then beginners identified the least number of shortcut keys. It is an indicator that advanced users have more knowledge and skills about the shortcut keys used. It also shows that some users, especially beginners, were only using the mouse but not the keyboard keys because they did not understand how to execute some commands using shortcuts. The average time taken by different users to complete the three tasks is as shown in the table below User Total time taken to complete the task (minutes) Beginner 75 Intermediate 45 Advanced 24 The graph in Figure 4 above shows that advanced users spent the shortest time to complete the tasks while beginners spent the longest time. This is probably because advanced users had better understand of the steps to be followed, commands to be used and the right shortcut keys to use in executing the tasks. The average number of errors made by different users are as shown in the table below User Number of errors made Beginner 15 Intermediate 8 Advanced 3 From Figure 5 above, advanced users made very few errors while beginners made most of the errors. This shows that users with more knowledge and advanced capabilities are likely to make fewer errors than novice users of AutoCAD. The average number of times that the users asked for assistance from the tutors are as shown in the table below User Number of times asked for assistances Beginner 4 Intermediate 1 Advanced 0 From Figure 6 above, there was no advanced user who requested for any assistance from the tutors. Also, only a few intermediate users requested for assistances. Most of the assistance requested were made by beginners. This against shows that users knowledge is directly related to the capabilities of users to execute the tasks. The number of users who found executing the tasks easy or difficult are as shown in the table below Easy/difficult Number of users Difficult 5 Relatively easy 10 Very easy 15 From the graph in Figure 7 above, the largest number of users found the tasks to be very easy or relatively easy. This is likely to include all advanced users, most intermediate users and may be a few beginners. Those who found it difficult to execute the tasks must have found the systems layout to be more complex and were less familiar with the general procedure, commands, tools and shortcut keys. The overall efficiency and effectiveness of completing the three tasks by the different users is as shown in the table below User Average efficiency and effectiveness (%) Beginner 52 Intermediate 75 Advanced 85 From Figure 8 above, advanced users completed the tasks very efficiently and effectively. They were followed by intermediate users and lastly beginners. The beginners were less efficient and less effective probably because they had less knowledge and expertise on identifying and using commands, tools and shortcut keys. The overall satisfaction of completing the three tasks by the different users is as shown in the table below User Average user satisfaction (%) Beginner 65 Intermediate 85 Advanced 90 From the graph in Figure 9 above, advanced users attained the greatest satisfaction (at 90%) with the interactive system (AutoCAD software). Intermediate users were also significantly satisfied (at 85%), followed by beginners (at 65%). The satisfaction levels were high and therefore it can be concluded that all users were satisfied beyond average. The findings of the evaluation All the participants involved in this study had knowledge on how to use the interactive system (AutoCAD). They understood what all the tasks (case uses) meant and what was required to be done. All the categories of the users (i.e. beginner, intermediate and advanced users) had a certain of understanding on how to import layers, insert blocks, and estimate materials quantities. Nevertheless, they clearly demonstrated different capabilities of executing the three tasks. From the results obtained, it is clear that different users have varied capabilities of using the interactive system. Obviously, advanced users had the greatest capabilities, followed by intermediate users, then beginners had the least capabilities. Advanced users are more knowledgeable and experienced on how to use the interactive system. They generally understand all the steps that should be followed from to start to end, they know the expected results or outcomes of each task, they understand almost all commands that have to be used and where to find them, they can use shortcut keys instead of the mouse only hence completing tasks easily and quickly, they dont have a problem with the layout of the system because they are more familiar with it, they make very few errors (if any) and can easily know when they have made such errors and correct them on their own, they do not need assistance on how to use the system effectively, they are able to execute tasks efficiently and effectivel y, and they are more satisfied with the whole process. However, the evaluation methodology used in this paper could not directly and specifically identify human factors that should be considered when designing an interactive system such as CAD systems. The evaluation method could have been better if it helped in identifying elements such as the effects of colors and type of symbols of the commands, brightness of computer screen, grip of computer keyboard, etc. on the ability of users to execute the tasks. The main focus in this study was on the behavior and capability of the user. However, human factors in systems design entails both the behavior/capabilities of the user and the environment(Yan, et al., 2014). The environment aspect comprises of factors that influence the comfort of the user, such as posture of the user, accessibility of the system, comfort of the user, motion/movement of the user and lighting conditions, among others(Deng, et al., 2016);(Elmansy, (n.d.)). Therefore the evaluation methodology did not include the environm ent aspect of human factors in systems design. Some of the benefits of considering both environmental and behavioral human factors when designing interactive systems include: increased applicability of users capabilities, improved system use, decreased time needed to perform the task, reduced number of errors, improved autonomy of using the system, and increased user satisfaction. The findings from this study can be used to improve the interaction between users and interactive systems, such as AutoCAD. To achieve this, all users should be asked to provide feedback about some of the problems or issues that affected their capabilities. If for example the layout of the system hindered them from finding commands easily, they should suggest how they layout of the system should look like. If they had a problem with the system colors, computer patterns, size of icons, etc., they should provide suggestions on how they should be changed. In design process of interactive system, this is what is referred to as requirement specification or identifying user needs. Once the user needs have been comprehensively identified, subsequent design phases should follow, including architectural design, detailed design, coding and testing, integration and testing, operation and maintenance. Generally, interactive systems should be designed and developed with the needs of users in mind . References Abduljalil, S. Kang, D., 2011. Analysis of Human Factors in Software Applcation Design for Effective User Experience. Seoul, Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. Al-Ageel, N., Al-Wabil, A., Badr, G. AlOmar, N., 2015. Human Factors in the Design and Evaluation of Bionformatics Tools. Procedia Manufacturing, Volume 3, pp. 2003-2010. Autodesk Inc., 2015. About Layers. 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[Online] Available at: https://knowledge.autodesk.com/support/autocad-architecture/learn-explore/caas/CloudHelp/cloudhelp/2018/ENU/AutoCAD-Architecture/files/GUID-EB0FE6C4-4C0B-4A4C-A9DA-6C75D56B342A-htm.html [Accessed 30 March 2018]. Deng, L., Wang, G. Yu, S., 2016. Layout Design of Human-Machine Interaction Interface of Cabin Based on Cognitive Ergonomics and GA-ACA. Computational IIntelligence and Neuroscience, Volume 2016, pp. 1-12. Elmansy, R., (n.d.). Principles of Ergonomics: Designing with User Comfort in Mind. [Online] Available at: https://www.designorate.com/principles-of-ergonomics-design/ [Accessed 30 March 2018]. Finkelstein, E., 2012. Insert a Block in AutoCAD. [Online] Available at: https://www.ellenfinkelstein.com/acadblog/insert-a-block-in-autocad/ [Accessed 30 March 2018]. Gracia-Ibanez, V. Vergara, M., 2016. Applying Action Research in CAD Teaching to Improve the Learning Experience and Academic Level. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 13(9), pp. 1-13. Letafatkar, A., Amirsasan, R., Abdolvahabi, Z. Hadadnezhad, M., 2011. Reliability and Validity of the AutoCAD Software Method in Lumbar Lordosis Measurement. Journal of Chiropractic Medicine, 10(4), pp. 240-247. Leva, M., Naghdali, F. Alumni, C., 2015. Human Factors Engineering in System Design: A Roadmap For Improvement. Procedia CIRP , Volume 38, pp. 94-99. Pandey, J., 2016. Layer Management in AutoCAD. [Online] Available at: https://www.engineering.com/DesignSoftware/DesignSoftwareArticles/ArticleID/11644/Layer-Management-in-AutoCAD.aspx [Accessed 30 March 2018]. Pei, Y., 2017. Top AutoCAD Skills Schools Don't Teach (But Should), Part 1. [Online] Available at: https://blogs.autodesk.com/autocad/top-autocad-skills-schools-dont-teach-part-1/ [Accessed 29 March 2018]. Phansalkar, S. et al., 2010. A review of human factors principles for the design and implementation of medication safety alerts in clinical information systems. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association, 17(5), pp. 493-501. Robert, J., 2011. Ergonomic Aspects of Human-Computer Interaction. [Online] Available at: https://www.iloencyclopaedia.org/part-vi-16255/visual-display-units/86-52-visual-display-units/ergonomic-aspects-of-human-computer-interaction [Accessed 30 March 2018]. Saeed, S., Bajwa, I. Mahmood, Z., 2014. Human Factors in Software Development and Design. Hershey, Pennsylvania: IGI Global. Samer, B., 2016. Human Factors and HCI Software Applications. International Journal of Soft Computing, 11(5), pp. 319-321. Yan, S., Chen, Y. Liang, L., 2014. Optimization of controls layout based on simulated annealing algorithm. Nuclear Power Engineering, 35(1), pp. 67-70. Zakaria, F., Ziden, A. Othman, A., 2012. Effectiveness of AutoCAD 3D Software as a Learning Support Tool. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 7(2), pp. 57-60.

Alan Jones Prostatic Hyperplasia Patient †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Alan Jones Prostatic Hyperplasia Patient. Answer: The patient in the present case study analysis is Alan Jones, a 60-year-old man, who has been admitted to the healthcare unit for urinary symptoms after being diagnosed with being prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). The patient has a history of type 2 diabetes and obesity. The patient is a regular drinker of alcohol and lives alone. He had been taken to the hospital for surgery and underwent a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) with spinal anaesthesia. After remaining in the post-anaesthetic recovery room (PARU) he had been transferred to the ward where continuous bladder irrigation was done with the hep of the three-lumen urethral catheter. Blood clots are present in his urine. The present essay is divided into three main sections. First, the aetiology and pathophysiology of the patients presenting conditions have been described. The next section focuses on the underlying pathophysiology of the post-operative deterioration. Anursing management plan is prioritised and outlined a ccordingly. Lastly, a discussion is done on the inclusion of three members of the interdisciplinary healthcare team who would be involved in the care plan for Alan. Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the medical condition leading the patient to suffer an increase in the prostate size. This increment is non-cancerous and involves hyperplasia of epithelial and stromal cells of the prostate. The result is that the transition zone of the prostate suffers emergence of large and discreet nodules. The increase in the cell number is the distinct feature of this clinical condition (Chughtai et al., 2016). The aetiology of the clinical condition can be conferred to three main factors; hormones, diet and degeneration. Experts point out that androgens and testosterone play a primitive role in the development of BPH. BPH is the result of a failure in the spermatic venous drainage system, giving rise to the hydrostatic pressure increase. It is to be noted that such failure occurs in men above the age of 50 years (Parnham Haq, 2013). Studies indicate that diet of an individual has a significant role in the progress of the clinical condition. A negative association with alcohol intake is prominent. Individuals who consume alcohol on a daily basis are at higher risk of developing the condition. Epidemiological data also indicate the relationship between diabetes and obesity, and BPH. BPH can be attributed to being an age-related disease (Parsons et al., 2013). When muscular tissues of the prostate are weak due to age and fibrosis occurs in the tissues, BPH is common. The reason is that muscle tissues play a significant role in carrying out thee main functions of the prostate as it is responsible for providing the force for fluid excretion coming from the prostatic glands. With increasing age, myofibres suffer dilations and as they are injured and broken. Regeneration of these myofibres are in a low rate, and thus collagen fibres are used up for the replacement of broken myofibres. Any misrepair makes the tissues weaker, and the functioning is hampered, impairing fluid secretion (Scattoni Maccagnano, 2017). Accumulation of the fluid is the cause of increased resistance of muscular tissue at the time of dilations and contractions. Muscular tissue fibrosis and fluid accumulation become the primary cause of prostate expansion (Vahlensieck et al., 2015). In the present case, the age of the patient is 60 years, enhancing the chances of elevated testosterone. Further, the patient is an alcohol consumer and suffers from diabetes and obesity. The patient in the present case has undergone a transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) with spinal anaesthesia given to him. After undergoing recovery in the post-anaesthetic recovery room (PARU) for 2 hours, he has been shifted to his ward. His urine contains large clots of blood, and a three-lumen urethral catheter is being used for continuous bladder irrigation. His observations include BP 160/90mmHg and Pulse 128bpm which are abnormal vital signs. While the normal reference range for BP is 120/80 mmHg, the normal reference range for pulse is 60-100 bpm (Butcher et al., 2013). According to Bachmann et al., (2014) TURP might lead to blood clots in the urine of the patient due to the healing of the wound suffered at the time of the surgery. If the bladder is irrigated with the help of a catheter, chances are high that urine becomes red due to blood cot and debris that is stopped once irrigation is stopped. A blood clot is a major issue since this might lead to obstruction of the urethra. A wide range of cardiopulmonary and neurologic symptoms suffered by the patient is due to intravascular absorption of hypotonic bladder-irrigating fluids at the time of transurethral resection of the prostate. Since the body absorbs an increased amount of fluid, blood pressure and pulse rate increases. Hypertension is the result of hypervolemia. In patients undergoing this surgery, reflex bradycardia is the response to the increased blood pressure. These two conditions can be noted as Transurethral resection (TUR) syndrome (Teo et al., 2017). The role of the nurse in the management of patient conditions after TURP holds much value as continual care is to be ensured in such cases. Comprehensive care is to be delivered as per the needs of the patient on an individual basis. The firstnursing priority would be impaired urinary elimination. This is in relation to blood clots and irritation of catheter use. At the time of bladder irrigation, assessment of drainage system and urine output is essential. The rationale is that retention chances are high due to blood clots and spasms in the bladder (Madersbacher, 2017). The patient is to be seated in a normal position for proper passage of urine. Incision and dressing are to be checked on a regular basis as the promotion of wound healing are important. The patient is to be encouraged to void when an urge is felt since voiding with urge is a preventive measure for urinary retention. The second priority would be encouraging the patient to increase fluid intake as tolerated. This is ef fective in renal perfusion nd adequate hydration (Butcher et al., 2013). Monitoring vital signs is imperative as there is a need of prompt intervention if dehydration is suffered. If the patient is in a state of confusion or restlessness appropriate guidance is to be provided by the nurse. Anchoring catheter needs special mention as pulling or movement that is improper causes bleeding. Bleeding is to be observed as active bleeding is a concern. The catheter system is to be kept sterile for avoiding sepsis nd infection. Dressings are to be changed regularly for the same reason. Wet dressings are the prime cause of skin irritation as media is gained for bacterial growth (Suskind et al., 2016). Health care delivery is comprehensive and of optimal standard when an interdisciplinary team comes forward for planning the care of the patient that is person-centred. Apart from the nursing and medical team, three members of the interdisciplinary healthcare team who are to be involved in the care of Alan are a dietician, physiotherapist and counsellor (Collins Terris, 2016). The patient Alan has been suffering from obesity and diabetes, implying that a proper diet is essential for the patient to recover fast from his present condition. A dietician would aid in this regard. A one-to-one nutrition management would be imperative for the patient. The physiotherapist would be responsible for changing physical movement practices of the patient. A counsellor would help the patient to overcome the depression and anxiety arising due to the operation and its consequences on the emotional front (DiCenso et al., 2014). The dietician would be responsible for carrying out an assessment of the requirement of Alan and investigate the treatment options for him after a brief consultation. Research indicates that dietary patterns influence the chronic disease such as diabetes. Patients are to follow a diet chart outlined by the dietician on a strict basis. A collaboration of the dietician with the physician is important since diet chart has a key relationship with the medical treatment process outlined for the patient (Frede Rassweiler, 2017). A physiotherapist would be the exercise therapist who would promote body movement of alan for optimal energy expenditure required by the patient to stay fit. Physical therapy would go hand in hand with proper food intake. The activity that would be outlined for Alan would consider his BMI and mobility needs. The physiotherapist would also aid in educating Alan about the implications of obesity, as indicated by its medical complications. The patient would be encoura ged not to adhere to a sedentary lifestyle (Potter et al., 2016). Counselling is a primitive part of patient care undergoing prostate surgery as negative influence occurs on the individual's emotions and thoughts. The purpose of counselling is to resolve any doubts arising in the mind of the patient regarding his medical condition. A patient is to be given adequate information regarding the treatment procedure for enabling the patient to be well aware of the consequences they hold. The two main issues arising due to the surgery are decreased sexual function and pelvic floor impairment. Alan needs to be informed about these two concerns of sexual functioning and inconsistent urinary output for better self-management (Bowen et al., 2015). The above essay described the nursing procedure and underlying medical principles guiding a patient care for transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP). The main causes of the pathophysiology of Bening prostatic hyperplasia are diet, age and hormones. The presenting condition might be complex, owing to a number of changes in the patients body. Nursing management for such patients need to focus on impaired urinary elimination, increased risk of volume deficiency, infection prevention and monitoring of vital signs. Comprehensive care for the patient demands the inclusion of other healthcare professionals, namely a dietitian, physiotherapist and counsellor. With the care plan outlined above, it is to be expected that the patient would achieve desired outcomes within the stipulated time frame prior to his discharge. References Bachmann, A., Tubaro, A., Barber, N., dAncona, F., Muir, G., Witzsch, U., ... Pahernik, S. (2014). 180-W XPS GreenLight laser vaporisation versus transurethral resection of the prostate for the treatment of benign prostatic obstruction: 6-month safety and efficacy results of a European Multicentre Randomised Trialthe GOLIATH study.European urology,65(5), 931-942. Bowen, D. K., Butcher, M. J., Botchway, A., McVary, K. T. (2015). Counseling on sexual side effects from TURP.The Canadian journal of urology,22(6), 8063-8068. Butcher, H. K., Bulechek, G. M., Dochterman, J. M. M., Wagner, C. (2013).Nursing Interventions Classification (NIC)-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. Chughtai, B., Forde, J. C., Thomas, D. D. M., Laor, L., Hossack, T., Woo, H. H., ... Kaplan, S. A. (2016). Benign prostatic hyperplasia.Nature Reviews Disease Primers,2, 16031. Collins, M. A., Terris, M. (2016). Transurethral resection of the prostate.Kim ED. DiCenso, A., Guyatt, G., Ciliska, D. (2014).Evidence-Based Nursing-E-Book: A Guide to Clinical Practice. Elsevier Health Sciences. Frede, T., Rassweiler, J. J. (2017). Management of Postoperative Complications Following TURP. InPractical Tips in Urology(pp. 493-501). Springer London. Madersbacher, S. (2017). Re: Functional Outcomes After Transurethral Resection of the Prostate in Nursing Home Residents.European Urology,71(6), 989. Parnham, A., Haq, A. (2013). Benign prostatic hyperplasia.Journal of Clinical Urology,6(1), 24-31. Parsons, J. K., Sarma, A. V., McVary, K., Wei, J. T. (2013). Obesity and benign prostatic hyperplasia: clinical connections, emerging etiological paradigms and future directions.The Journal of urology,189(1), S102-S106. Potter, P. A., Perry, A. G., Stockert, P., Hall, A. (2016).Fundamentals of Nursing-E-Book. Elsevier Health Sciences. Scattoni, V., Maccagnano, C. (2017). Benign Prostatic Hypertrophy. InAtlas of Ultrasonography in Urology, Andrology, and Nephrology(pp. 281-291). Springer International Publishing. Suskind, A. M., Walter, L. C., Zhao, S., Finlayson, E. (2016). MP35-19 baseline functional status predicts postoperative treatment failure in nursing home residents undergoing transurethral resection of the prostate (turp).The Journal of Urology,195(4), e488. Teo, J. S., Lee, Y. M., Ho, S. S. H. (2017). An update on transurethral surgery for benign prostatic Obstruction.Asian Journal of Urology. Vahlensieck, W., Theurer, C., Pfitzer, E., Patz, B., Banik, N., Engelmann, U. (2015). Effects of pumpkin seed in men with lower urinary tract symptoms due to benign prostatic hyperplasia in the one-year, randomized, placebo-controlled GRANU study.Urologia internationalis,94(3), 286-295.

Work Environment Risk of Management

Executive summary The effect of contaminants affecting workers is an issue of global concern. Tremendous efforts have been advanced to govern standards of exposure to risks at the work place.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Work Environment Risk of Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This paper analyzes the contaminants formed in an environment where bitumen is being used. The use of Control banding technique in managing risks also investigated. The effects of heat stress and methods to combat this problem at the work place are discussed herein. Finally, the paper investigates noise, causes of hearing loss and audiometric testing. Developing an assessment strategy for bitumen (asphalt) The health of an employee is directly proportional to his productivity in any firm or working environment. Thus, it is imperative to ensure that proper care of the working environment is emphasized. There are many hazards or risks that may interfere with the health of an employee in the working environment, reducing their viability. Heat stress, lack of protective safety-gears, and exposure to toxic substances forms some of the core health hazards (Tilman 2007). These may impair the entire body or part of the body especially the eyes or ears. For a mine that produces asphaltic fumes and odors, the following strategy can be employed. Assessing the magnitude of the fumes produced- finding out the level of available hazard will enable the determination of the relevant combat technique. Reducing the time of exposure for the workers and establishing first aid measures. Engage engineering controls to lessen the fumes. Providing workers with the relevant safety gears such as helmets, goggles, apron, and other necessary protective equipments. Prioritizing the tests aimed at establishing any emerging effect on the health of the workers. Coming up with programs to educate the workers on the risks invo lved Encouraging protective measures that will reduce the chances of risk-since the fumes are flammable in nature, request workers to avoid issues like cigarette smoking at the site. To develop the strategies above using AREC i.e. anticipate, recognize, evaluate and control. In using asphalt for road construction, we expect production of fumes and odors. Production of carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulphide during the operations may be a health hazard.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Therefore, we ought to be set to combat the fumes and have available water sinks for workers to wash their eyes in case of irritation. The flammability of the fumes should also be anticipated, hence ensure that the working area is free from any irrelevant fires such as cigarettes fires. The contaminants identified in this case are particulate in nature. Since the impact o f the fumes may not be observed by the naked eyes, use of control banding would be an acceptable method for this hazard. The amounts of toxins in the fumes are analyzed using the control bands, and compared against some set standards (ACGIH, 2011). If the toxicity exceeds the acceptable limits, then the relevant measures would be incorporated to minimize health hazards. Before taking any measure, it is decent for a person to evaluate the magnitude of the action required. This will help in proper planning. The evaluation is followed by control actions, which may even, imply a closure to the entire project or change of materials (Paustenbach 2000). Secondly, once certain risks are anticipated, the workers should be sober enough to recognize any appearance of a potential risk. This will include abnormal effects in a worker or any other appearance of the risk. Contaminants produced in the working environment include spills into water systems, gaseous compounds such as CO, CO2 and H2S. T o monitor these substances, the workers should ensure that the spills are not directed to waterways, sewers, and drainage systems. Avoid usage of hot bitumen since it can cause burns to the skin. All personnel working with the compound should be properly trained. The fire fighters to deal with any outbreak of fire should have proper protective gears.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Work Environment Risk of Management specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More First aid measures must be available at the working site to deal with any emergencies. Inhalation of some of the contaminants produced may result to sudden collapse. Thus, medical practitioners should be available at the working environment to deal with emergency issues. Thus, to monitor the contaminants proper storage and handling should be emphasized. Accidental release measures, personal handling and fire fighting measures, should also be encouraged. In t he laboratory, fumes are generated to test the effects of the asphaltic fumes (Malchaire 1999). From documented evidence, there are conflicting data concerning the carcinogenic effects of asphaltic fumes. Some researchers have said that the fumes have no notable carcinogenic effects while others have said otherwise. However, the fumes are known to cause eye irritation, gingivitis and other eyes and lungs related infections. Other tests done in the laboratory include density test, H2S tests and tests for stability of the compounds. Example The worker works a normal 5 shifts each week and 12 hours for every shift. Substance: bitumenAdvertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Exposure Standard: 5 ppm, 8 -hour TWA (ACGIH, 2011). Work shift: 12 hours Solution: Adjusted exposure standard for 12 hour shift =8 x (24 – 12) x Exposure standard (8 – hour TWA)/ (16 x 12) = 8 x (24 – 12) x 5ppm (16 x 12) = 2.5 ppm (12-hour TWA) Since the safe yield of 5ppm is not exceeded, then, the shift can be made on the basis of exposure of to bitumen. In case the shift changed from 8 to 12 hours, this will imply longer periods of exposure to the fumes. There are standardized limits to which the workers can be exposed to a given contaminant. Therefore, it would only be possible to extend the working shift if the workers are not adversely affected by the change in shift. To determine the viability of this brief and scala model is suggested (see details in the appendix). Control banding Control banding can be defined as a model that qualitatively or semi-qualitatively assesses and manages risk so as to ensure the health and safety of workers in the workplace (Nelson 2005). The method encompasses the use of administrative controls, engineering controls and personal protective equipments to ensure safe handling. One of the initial control banding methods used is the UK Health and Safety Executive (HSE) referred to as the Control of Substances Hazardous to Health (COSHH) Essentials. COSHH Essentials is available online and can be accessed free of charge (UK Health and Safety Executive 1999). COSHH Essential approach helps in assessing the level at which the need for risks can be identified and control measures put in place. Control banding is used to compute the range of a risk against some predetermined value. The employee working in an organization would remain effective as long as certain parameters of safety are not exceeded (HSE 2006). In industries, a performance based approach to employee protection is used. This approach encompass the three aspects of control banding: engineering controls, administrative controls and procedural co ntrols. Different chemicals are assigned different control bands in pharmaceutical industries in an effort to safeguard the health. The standardization of engineering controls is still going on in the industry to provide vital data for benchmarking. In general control banding provides an all-round approach to promote safety handling by setting up the right rules. The International labor Organization (ILO) provides guidelines and a toolkit to govern the use of control banding (Nelson 2005). The critical limitations of control banding can be attributed to lack of available data for benchmarking. The method requires use of engineering controls of which there are no standardized measures. Determination of enrolment criteria for Performance –Based Exposure Control Limit (PB-ECLs) also poses a limitation. Most countries use the same (PB-ECLs), however, depending on the technology used by the manufacturing company the bands may differ slightly. The chemical control toolkit was origi nally made to suit small firms; nevertheless, the toolkits are now being made industry specific. The acceptance of control banding can not be over amplified. Initially, the method was only applied in USA and EU. However, the ILO is promoting it to find global acceptance. Many countries have adopted it and are working hard to ensure safety in their work environments and occupational safety. The COSHH Essentials developed by the UK ensures that even the small sized enterprises benefit since they may not afford the services of a resident occupational hygienist (Nelson 2005). International conferences to support the use of control banding have also been held recently. Availability of online links that promote the use of control banding for instance, HSE website provides an avenue for people to hold discussions and debates on the acceptability of control banding. The US National Institute of Safety and Health (NIOSH) and Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) offer information a nd links via their website on control banding. All these efforts coupled together have made a whopping landmark in promoting acceptance of control banding. An example of usage of control banding is in the pharmaceutical industry. The pharmaceutical industry began using this concept long ago, though it was under different definition. Pharmaceuticals compounds were subjected to different alternatives in setting numerical exposure limits (OELS) such as occupational exposure bands (OEBs), mostly for compounds with limited information. The PE-ECL categories and associated recommendations are based on experiences with similar substances. Assuming the environment has not changed, the previous performance of hazardous substances remains unaltered. Matrices have been developed to determine the control strategies for use with each PB-ECL category (ISO 7726). Effects of heat stress and regulatory techniques Exposure of workers to extreme thermal conditions is a health hazard. The working envir onment should always be maintained at levels where the prevailing temperature conditions are conducive for the workers. The performance of workers is negatively affected by either too cold or too working environments. This is amplified in mines where at times the air is not sufficient enough for the miners (Sawka 2000). To assess and combat the heat stress, it is imperative to analyze the heat in the surrounding using the heat balance equation. This would help strike a balance between the heat lost and the heat gained by an individual. Once the heat situation on the employees is assessed, then the right measures can be adopted. According to the national institute of occupational safety and health (NIOSH), the following measures are recommended for hot environments (Brake and Bates 2012). Acclimatize the workers recovering from illnesses or from vacations Implement a work/rest regiment matched to the severity of the worker’s heart exposure. Scheduling hot operations for the c oolest parts of the day Making salt and drinking water available so as to replace the effluents of sweat Making protective clothing available to workers Reducing environmental heat by engineering controls Monitor the environmental heat at the site Performing periodic medical examinations to discover those at risk Educating workers and supervisors about preventive measures and early detection methods of heat related disorders Noise and audiometric testing Noise can be described as any unwanted sound that may cause damage to the human hearing. Noise is measured in decibels. The decibels measure the pressure levels of the noise/sound being produced by the source. The range of the sounds produced is enormously large as a result a logarithmic scale is used. Sound pressure can be described as the varying component of pressure in a sound field. Hazardous noise refers to noise that exceeds the exposure standard for noise in the work place (Tilman 2007). This kind of noise affects the prope r functioning of the inner ear; this may result to temporary hearing loss. An exposure to an extremely loud impact or explosive sound may result to permanent hearing loss (Chan Wong McPherson 2004). The level of hearing loss is determined by the length of exposure time, intensity of the noise and the susceptibility of the individual (Brake and Bates 2012). Documented evidence also reveals that there extended exposure to arm vibrations may also lead to hearing loss. Ototoxic activities such as weapon firing, degreasing, fire fighting, fuelling vehicles and air crafts may lead to hearing loss. The figure below shows the various parts of the human ear. Figure 1 Parts of the ear The ear consists of three main parts, the outer ear, middle ear and inner ear. The outer ear consists mainly of the pinna whose core function is to trap sound waves and directs them to the middle year. The middle ear holds the eardrum which forms the part that receives the sound waves before sending them to th e brain through the auditory nerves for interpretation. If the eardrum is impaired then a person will suffer from hearing loss. It is the eardrum that detects the intensity of sound received. Use of certain medications and exposure to certain chemicals in industries may lead to hearing loss. The chemicals enter the brain through the cochlea and damage the cells in the inner ear leading to hearing loss. The combination of noise and these substances raises the chances of hearing loss. The average standard exposure is 85 db over 8 hours; however, the susceptibility of the individual would vary depending on the loudness of the noise (Standards Australia, AS 1259.1). There are stipulated times within which, for a given level of noise, hearing loss will not occur. Audiometric testing means the use of monaural pure tone air conduction threshold tests to determine the hearing threshold levels of a person. Initially, it was developed to model the ear in response to low sound ranges. Today so und is measured using A-weights. In Australia, a standardized frequency response applied in sound measuring instruments is used (ISO 7726). The model was initially, developed for modeling the human ear response at high sounds. In order to reveal the cause of changes in hearing abilities of employees, audiometric tests are carried out. The test is not a preventive mechanism and is only carried out after a consensus involving the employer and workforce of the company or organization. Audiometric testing program should be available to any employee who is likely to be exposed to prolonged noise irrespective of whether they use hearing protectors. Audiometric testing should be carried out by qualified experts selected by the leadership of the organization in collaboration with the employees (Standards Australia, AS 1259.1). The procedures and equipments used should be inline with the specifications quoted in part 4 of Australian / New Zealand standard. The testing scheme should include a reference test followed by periodic monitoring tests. Within the first 12 months of reference test, the monitoring test should be carried out to compare the results. In case, the change or swift in threshold frequency is not significant then the monitoring tests should be done annually. While managing hearing loss using audiometric metric testing, employees hearing changes are tracked. In case of notable variations in hearing frequencies, the employer is liable to put measures that will protect the employee from further hearing risk. The results of the changes in hearing frequency should be discussed between the employer and the employee. Critical measures will then be endorsed to curtail further employee hearing risk. These will include administrative controls and process equipment controls (ASTM D6494-99 2010). According to Australian standards on health and risk, it is a requirement not to exceed an exposure period to a hazard (every requirement must be complied with). Every per son in the workplace has a duty to assess risk and implement a specific control measure (Standards Australia, AS 1259.1). A duty holder has a responsibility of assessing the risk that may result into a risk to health and safety. The duty holder must reduce the risk as long as is practically possible. If the duty holder finds it impractical to eliminate the risk the hierarchy of control measures to safety and health is applied. The hierarchy of controls used according to Australian standards entails: 1. Eliminating the hazard completely. For instance, – get rid of the dangerous machine. Substituting the hazardous substance with a safer option. For instance, – substitute the old machine with a safer one. Isolatingthe hazard from people who could be harmed. For instance, – the machine can be operated in a remote environment. Engaging engineering controls to minimize the risk. For example, – attach protective guards to the machine to protect operators. Using administrative controls to lessen the risk. For example, – educate workers on proper usage of the machine. Using personal protective equipment (PPE). For instance, – wear helmets, gloves and goggles when operating the machine. Other regulations in this health and safety are review of control measures (constant review to the work environment is encouraged), maintenance of control measures (implemented control measures ought to be reviewed constantly to ensure that they remain effective). It is a duty to maintain the working environment free from risk (Australian Standards / New Zealand Standards 2011). Conclusion In respect to the above arguments, one can conclude that there is a need to adopt a global approach to deal with problems related to hazards at the work environment. It is the duty of every participating party to ensure that they work toward the protection of others. By so doing, the disorders such as hearing loss, eye-based disorders and lung diseases will b e significantly reduced. The adoption of control banding would play a central role in standardization of the procedures and standards to combat hazards. References ACGIH 2011, TLVs and BEIs: Threshold Limit Values for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents and Biological Exposure Indices, American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, New York. ASTM D6494-99 2010, ‘Standard Test Method for Determination of Asphalt Fume Particulate Matter in Workplace Atmospheres as Benzene Soluble Fraction’, Scope Audiology, vol. 43, pp.323-329. Australian Standards / New Zealand Standards 2011, Occupational noise management, Part 4: Auditory assessment. Web. Bohm, A Chaudri, D 2000, Securing Australia’s future: an analysis of the international education markets in India, IDP Education Australia, Sydney. Brake, D and Bates, G 2012, ‘Fluid losses and hydration status of industrial workers under thermal stress working extended shifts’, Occup Environ Med. vol. 60 no.2, pp.90-6. Chan Wong, E McPherson, B 2004, Occupational hearing loss, Australian Institute of Occupational Hygienists, Tullamarine, Australia. HSE 2006, COSHH Essentials, UK Health and Safety Executive. Web. ISO 7726, Thermal environments – Instruments and methods for measuring physical quantities. Web. Malchaire, J 1999, Evaluation and control of warm working conditions, BIOMED.â€Å"Heat Stress.† Conference, Barcelona. Naumann, B 2005, Control Banding in the Pharmaceutical Industry, Australian institute of Occupational Hygienists,Tullamarine. Nelson, D 2005, Control banding: Just the FAQs. The Synergist. Health and Safety Executive: COSHH Essentials, London. Paustenbach, D 2000, Occupational Exposure Limits, Pharmacokinetics and Unusual Work Shifts, John Wiley Sons, New York. Sawka, M 2000, â€Å"Hydration effects of thermoregulation and performance in the heat†, In: Lau, W, (eds), Proceedings of the International Conference on Physiological and Cognitive Performance in Extreme Environments, Defense Scientific and Technology Organization, Rawalpindi, pp. 42. Standards Australia, AS 1259.1, Acoustics – Sound Level Meters, Part 1: Non-integrating, Standards Australia. Web. Structure of the ear. Web. Tilman, C 2007, Principles of Occupational Health Hygiene, An introduction, Allen Unwin, Auckland. UK Health and Safety Executive 1999, Under thermal stress working extended shifts. Web. This research paper on Work Environment Risk of Management was written and submitted by user Shania S. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.