Stv Essay Example for Free

Stv Essay Technology is inevitable -Technology is not always inevitable -Societies can reject technology (rejection of the US SST) Various versions: technology is autonomous, unstoppable, out of control; technology is an end to itself, â€Å"progress is inevitable† According to Jacques Ellul: ‘‘‘Technique’ had permeated all aspects of society. It is an autonomous and unrelenting substitution of means for ends. Modern society’s vast ensemble of techniques had become self-engendering and had accelerated out of humanity’s control. According to Theodore Roszak: Technocracy is society governed by technical experts appealing to scientific knowledge; it is ‘‘‘ideologically invisible’’’ if you accept rationality and efficiency without question

Corporate Governance and Ethical Responsibility Essay Example for Free

Corporate Governance and Ethical Responsibility Essay 1. Determine at least three different internal and external stakeholders that Dr. DoRight might have to deal with on a daily basis at the hospital. Stakeholders are individuals who are involved in, have a vested interest in, or a â€Å"stake† in the success of an organization (Merriam-Webster, 2011), such as a hospital. Dr. DoRight is an influential decision maker as the President of the Universal Human Care Hospital and it is important for him to consider how his decisions and actions affect the stakeholders of the hospital. In the course of his daily activities Dr. Do Right will interact and impact many of the hospital’s internal and external stakeholders. Internal stakeholders are be committed to an organization’s success. Often internal stakeholders will participate in the strategic development of coordinating resources to fund and sustain an operation. Examples of internal stakeholders which Dr. DoRight might engage daily would be: Director of Public Health, Head of Health Intelligence and Information, Director of Nursing, Public Health Strategists, Vice President of Human Relations or Members of the Board of Trustees (Markwell, 2010). External stakeholders are not directly connected to the organization; however, they are vested in the hospital’s success as clients, business or community partners. These stakeholders have influence over organizational activities by contributing their views and experiences related to issues which are important to them. Medical providers or suppliers, Patient Advocacy Groups, Quality Assessors, the Media, and Heads of Local Community and Special Interest Groups are examples of external stakeholders Dr. DoRight may deal with on a daily basis (Markwell, 2010). 2. Compare and contrast potential conflicts of interest that may exist between the internal and external stakeholders. Conflicts of interest exist between the hospital’s internal and external stakeholders. Medical providers such as, staffed research doctors or pharmaceutical manufactures want to provide the ‘best’ wellness plan by providing cutting-edge tests, treatments and medications which are likely to be more expensive to the payer or patients. Payers, such as insurance providers and private paying patients, would prefer a more cost effective approach to wellness with accurate diagnosis and treatments with fewer visits and tests (Wiseman, 2005). Although internal and external stakeholders may have different priorities, they will share common objectives. All stakeholders will share common ambitions for Universal Human Care Hospital to provide quality medical services to its patients. Additionally, all stakeholders will appreciate the hospitals efforts to improve the quality of life for the community it directly serves. (Markwell, 2010). 3. Discuss whether Dr. DoRight has fulfilled his ethical duty by reporting the illegal procedures. Dr. DoRight has reported the illegal procedures and patents dying due to negligent supervision and oversight to his Regional Director, Compliance Manager, as well as an Executive Committee in January 2009, but he has not fulfilled his ethical duty. As a doctor it is his responsibility to protect all patients from criminal acts including the illegal procedures and negligent supervision which has been reported at Universal Human Care Hospital. As there has been no result from the investigation after two years he has a responsibility to take further action to preserve the lives of patients. His ethical duty should include reporting the illegal procedures, as well as, the negligent supervision and oversight to higher ranking internal authorities. If the appropriate investigation and corrective actions do not occur he has a further ethical obligation to report the incidents to external authorities. As a doctor he is legally bound to take reasonable action. The law recognizes several exceptions the â€Å"no duty to rescue† rule and several apply to Dr. Do Right’s ethical dilemma (Halbert Ingulli, 2012). Continued deaths due to negligence and illegal procedures should be reported beyond the Regional Director, Compliance Manager and the Executive Committee as the failure to do so may result in his dismissal or even criminal prosecution. As a doctor he assumes contractual responsibilities to medically help others, and prevent them from being harmed. Patients in the hospital in which he is President may be lulled into a false sense of security, believing they will be helped, only to be neglected when lifesaving assistance is needed. Doctors and nurses employed in the medial facility which he oversees are endangering their patients and he is currently participating in creating a dangerous situation for several patients. Finally, there is a â€Å"special relationship† between Dr. DoRight’s medical facility and their patients. This relationship has a degree of dependency from the patient to the hospital and those whom govern the medical facility. As the President of Universal Human Care Hospital he is required to reasonably protect all patients from harm including the protection from the illegal procedures performed by the medical staff, and neglect or oversight of the supervising staff (Halbert Ingulli, 2 012). 4. Describe the deontology principle and apply it to the ethical dilemma that Dr. DoRight faces in this case. The deontology principle â€Å"is marked by steadfastness to universal principles †¦[of] respect for life, fairness, telling the truth, keeping promises – no matter what the consequences† (Halbert Ingulli, 2012). Immanuel Kant, the most famous deontological thinker, believed humans could rationally develop an absolute set of rules to govern behavior, and these rules should be applied in all situations without consideration of the consequences. For example, Immanuel Kant believed there is a never good time to lie, even if it could produce a favorable outcome, such as lying saving someone’s life (Halbert Ingulli, 2012). Under the deontology principle, moral and ethical behavior â€Å"is a matter of holding, without exception, to certain principles† or categorical imperatives (Halbert Ingulli, 2012). The first of these principles is that people should act under the assumption that the same action they chose should be repeated if roles were reversed and they ended up on the receiving end of those actions. In Dr. DoRight’s ethical dilemma a deontological approach would require him to make his decisions in the frame of reference of being a patient whose death resulted from the hospital’s negligence or oversight. If Dr. DoRight made decisions in this frame of reference it is doubtful two years would pass without any definitive findings from the internal investigation into patient deaths (Halbert Ingulli, 2012). Another categorical imperative of the deontology principle is that it is unethical for people to use others for their own gain. A mutually beneficial relationship should exist where all stakeholders gain something they want. In Dr. DoRight’s ethical dilemma, the relationship could be mutually beneficial if the patient receives suitable medial services and attention in exchange for monetary compensation. Dr. DoRight’s decisions can be considered unethical as the relationship is not mutually beneficial. Patients within his hospital to continue to die as a result of a variety of illegal procedures, while Dr. DoRight continues to win awards for his leadership and meeting his business goals (Halbert Ingulli, 2012). Patients have a right to make a fully informed decision when selecting their medical providers. Making fully informed decision for oneself is â€Å"of great ethical value in deontology† (Halbert Ingulli, 2012). In the last two years, Dr. DoRight has told his Regional Director, Compliance Manager and the Executive Committee about the patient deaths due; however, disclosures are not provided to patients. With the insight of increased mortality rates due to the illegal procedures coupled with negligence and oversight it less likely patients will chose his medical facility for their health care needs. It is unethical according to the deontology principles to keep this information from patients. An infringement is being placed on some of the patients most basic rights; the right to life and health. Within the deontology principle this is never acceptable. Dr. DoRight falls short of several deontological principles, and is unethically infringing on the rights of his patients who are dying as a result of his decisions (Halbert Ingulli, 2012). 5. Describe the utilitarianism principle and apply it to the ethical dilemma that Dr. DoRight faces in this case The utilitarianism principle guides individuals, like Dr, DoRight, to ethically â€Å"behave in a given situation †¦ to choose an alternative that is likely to produce the greatest overall outcome.† This principle evaluates the advantages and costs of an individual’s actions not only for the decision maker, but for all stakeholders who will be impacted by the decision. Within the utilitarianism principle the long and short term consequences to the stakeholders are analyzed when evaluating a dilemma, while weighing the size of the group and the effects of the decision upon the stakeholders (Halbert Ingulli, 2012). In Dr. DoRight’s dilemma some consequences may be shared by numerous stakeholders, both internal and external. For example, the media could tarnish the reputation of the hospital and several of its staff by publicizing the deaths as prev entable. This consequence could result in an increase of livelihood for external stakeholders such as the media, medical malpractice attorneys, or the extended family member of deceased patients. At the same time, it could result in the loss of livelihood amongst internal stakeholders such as; doctors, nurses and other members of as the hospital’s 5,000 employed staff (Halbert Ingulli, 2012). Smaller external stakeholders carry the burden of the greatest negative consequences. Most costly would be the loss of life to patients who died as a result of illegal procedures and negligent supervision. Although this group of stakeholders may be small in comparison to the 20,000 patients treated at the hospital, â€Å"losses of life and health weigh heavily on the scale† when assessing the consequences of a decision within the utilitarianism principle (Halbert Ingulli, 2012). The causes of deaths have not been revealed after two years of internal investigation. If an outside organization investigated the details of the illegal practices and neglect it could negatively impact some internal stakeholders. An external investigation could have a negative impact on hospital finances, the Executive committee, and the livelihood of the Regional Director, Compliance Manager or their direct staff. On the other hand, patients, doctors and other stakeholders could benefit from this same decision in the form of additional staffing, proper training and technology to provide accurate diagnosis. Ultimately, the short-term costs a few internal stakeholders of the hospital would be outweighed by the long-term benefits to several stakeholders if Dr. DoRight made this decision (Halbert Ingulli, 2012). References Halbert, T. Ingulli, E. (2012). Law, Ethics, Business. In Law Ethics in the Business Environment (7th ed.). Mason, OH: South-Western Cengage Learning. Markwell, S. (2010). Health knowledge. Retrieved from http://www.healthknowledge.org.uk/public-health-textbook/organisation-management/5b-understanding-ofs/managing-internal-external-stakeholders Merriam-Webster. (2011). Stakeholder. In Merriam-Webster Dictionary. Retrieved from http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/stakeholder Wiseman, B. (2005). Who are the stakeholders in healthcare?. Retrieved from http://patientsafetyed.duhs.duke.edu/module_a/introduction/stakeholders.html

Application Performance Optimization and Load Balancing

Application Performance Optimization and Load Balancing Application Performance Optimization and Load Balancing using RAID and Caching Techniques Akilesh Kailash Sunil Iyer Kolar Suresh Kumar Sabarish Venkatraman ABSTRACT As the data processing and demand for storage grows, the performance of a critical application should always be intact with respect to disk I/O. There has been considerable improvements related to disk seek, latency and spindle speeds; However, these improvements have not met the challenges and addresses the need for better performance and load balancing. The challenge of any Database administrator is to maximize the Application I/O performance and ensure the high availability with zero downtime. This performance challenge can be met using I/O monitoring, Load balancing, Cache management and RAID (Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks) technologies. The primary goal of this paper is to exemplify the details of successfully solving the I/O problems of a database application in a consistent fashion with the appropriate RAID configurations, caching mechanisms and load balancing algorithm. Categories and Subject Descriptors B.3.2 [Design Styles]: Mass storage – RAID. D.4.2 [Storage Management]: Secondary storage, Storage hierarchies. D.4.3 [File Systems Management]: File organization. D.4.4 [Communications Management]: Input/Output. D.4.5 [Reliability]: Backup procedures, Fault-tolerance. General Terms Algorithms, Performance, Design, Theory, Reliability. Keywords RAID Redundant Array of Inexpensive Disks I/O – Input/Output DBA Database Administrators HA High Availability OLTP Online Transaction Processing. IOPS HBA 1. INTRODUCTION RAID technology addresses the need for higher storage capacity in IO system and provides the feature of data redundancy. This helps in efficient and improved disk access and avoids data loss by disk failures. Theoretically, RAID is mainly used to create a logical disk from two or more physical disk drives in order to provide high bandwidth. RAID is an imperative part of storage stack and fabric layer and is coordinated by various storage vendors like EMC, Hitachi, NetApp. RAID technologies have enumerated different methods in building storage stacks and sub-systems for different kinds of databases. Thus, the two main technical reasons for switching to RAID are scalability and high availability in the context of I/O and system performance. As the database sizes of today have grown manifold from the gigabytes to petabytes range, the intricacy to scale I/O performance of such gigantic systems is needed very much for critical applications. Load balancing is a critical factor in environments like Operating Systems, Clusters, Networking and Applications. They play a quintessential role in the performance and reliability of any environment avoiding catastrophic failures. In a quotidian scenario, the resource allocation and load balancing are done through hash methods, genetic algorithms and several scheduling algorithms in Operating systems. Many database applications demand high throughput and availability from storage subsystems. For instance, a stock market application running in New York stock exchange will need to have a high throughput and bandwidth with absolutely no downtime. This requires continuous operation i.e., the need to satisfy each I/O request even in the case of disk failures. It is not acceptable to meet the aforementioned requirements at the cost of deprived performance mainly in real-time applications such as video and audio. It is highly unacceptable if a video is played at slower speed or the data is lost during transmission and ends abruptly. Since a database application may encounter extreme I/O activity or suffer a sudden spike of I/O activities for a brief period of time, the organization of the database structure onto the disk becomes imperative. 2. PROBLEM DEFINITION Mission critical data centers have a compelling need to have highly available applications and services thereby ensuring zero downtime. Current clustering solutions, like MSCS or HP Service Guard enable HA for vital applications. However, such applications are specific and developed only for the OS/application for which they are designed. The I/O performance and their patterns of a database application has to be analyzed by understanding their relation with the physical storage so that it helps in determining the deployment of application based on any given workload. I/O from an application needs to be categorized based on which appropriate techniques can be used in order to improve its performance. There are many DBA tuning software which are primarily used for indexing the database and monitor the drive activities. This approach is effective but requires lot of time and in reality it is quite tedious in nature. 3. ABSTRACT SOLUTION The possible solutions are: Determining the RAID Level and stripe size RAID levels are determined on factors such as type of I/O, disk cost, read/write I/O and so on. The data transfer rate and IOPS performance is very much influenced based on the segment size chosen and the striping size used. For example: In a RAID 5 configuration, there are 4 disks and 1 parity disk. Let the segment size of each disk be 64KB. Thus, when an I/O of 64KB has to be addressed, it is written to the first drive. The next I/O of 64KB is written to next and so on and finally the parity of the 4 I/O’s is calculated and written to the last disk. In case of RAID 1 (Mirroring), there are 2 disk groups and 2 mirror groups. A 64KB I/O would be written to each of the disk drives and mirrored drives. Caching techniques Splitting the cache The cache acts as an interface between the host application and RAID controllers. The cache can be divided into two parts viz. front-end and back-end. Database applications can rely on the front-end cache. Prefetching OLTP applications may have I/O operations which are not sequential; the pre-fetch algorithm confirms the addresses which will fetched in future and loads it in memory. The amount of data to be pre-fetched depends on the application requirement, memory and performance desired by application. Database organization on a storage system Organizing the database objects such as tables, logs, views on storage layout comes in a wide range. Based on the structure of the database layout, an appropriate storage is chosen. Load Balancing I/O load balancing across cluster nodes are performed using regression analysis. If a port of an HBA or fabric node is loaded heavily, then the I/O is balanced across the ports which are not utilized to its full potential. 4. LITERATURE SURVEY I/O performance and disk I/O contention plays a vital role for critical applications. Our proposal and work on application performance monitoring and I/O tuning and load balancing is motivated based on the â€Å"Oracle I/O Performance† and â€Å"Array tuning Best Practices† paper. The proposed solution and enhancements are based on similar lines of these papers. We start off the survey by explaining the technical feasibilities, the pros and cons of these approaches discussed in the papers and explain in brief about the issue we are addressing based on the survey findings. 5. PERFORMANCE BOTTLENECKS Application performance and write access is generally obtained by using storage Arrays having different RAID configurations. For instance, the striping of data across multiple disks using RAID 1 in order to achieve redundancy is the most common way of obtaining high availability. Disk failure vulnerabilities in enterprise storage The main motivation of going for striping technologies is because of the vulnerability in disk failures in enterprise storage Arrays which can result in catastrophic loss of data. This high availability of application and I/O is obtained at the cost of write performance. Keeping synch of write operations During a write operation, all the writes have to be updated simultaneously to all the disks in order to keep the disks in synch. This will have a catastrophic result in operations which will have heavy writes and its performance. In addition to it, maintaining the synchronization of data between all disks and achieving concurrency is a difficult task and can lead to system crashes. In order to overcome the aforementioned problems; a number of different striping mechanisms have been proposed; each of them have their specific tradeoff based on cost, high performance, scalability and robustness. The majority of RAID configurations are based on the interleaving of the data and the pattern is which the redundant information is distributed across the disks. Load Balancing of I/O and resource utilization Load balancing is essentially implemented in SQL server clustering and is very common practice. There are many third party tools that provide solutions to load balancing and resource utilization; however the limitations of such tools is that the factors to decide on load balancing are very system specific and are dependent heavily on the characteristic of each application. As the database size grows in a short period, we generally observe that the query speed has a performance hit as the number of rows increases. This is mainly observed on applications where the performance data is being collected in frequent intervals and simultaneously the data is read from the DB for other purposes. The general and quick solutions to optimize query speed it to partition the views, indexing and table partitioning. But even then, things are observed to be quite slow. The main problem with such solutions is that the database tables and views are located on different servers. Hence a server cluster is used which add in reliability if there is any performance issues seen on one of the cluster nodes. 6. RAID LEVEL SELECTION CRITERIA The choice of RAID level to be chosen is based on different factors. When a mirrored configuration is chosen such as RAID 1 or RAID 1+0, each write request is duplicated to disk by the raid controller. This results in performance issues if the application does not rely heavily on data duplication and its availability. When higher levels/parity based RAID configuration is used, things get more intricate. Let us consider that, when RAID 5 or RAID 6 is used and if the size of the write I/O is less than the stripe size which is frequently observed in database applications where the data write is around 4kb pages contrasting to the drive size of around 128KB; as a result of this, the raid controller has to perform magnitude of I/O operations for just a single request. The main drawback of the above technique is that for a small write request, the raid controller has to first fetch the data from the back end disk to the main memory. Then it has to insert the fresh data at the appropriate position and calculate the new parity stripe to perform another write operation back to the disk. Hence, one I/O operation results in roughly 3 to 4 times the IOPS. This overhead adds in if the calculation of parity is for two sets as in RAID 6. The other factors of choosing the RAID configuration are the disk/drive cost and I/O pattern. The cost is zero for RAID 0 as there is no redundancy; while it is highest for RAID 1 or its combination such as RAID 10. This cost is high because of drive mirroring. The cost of RAID 5 is comparatively lower than RAID 1 but it has one disk which is dedicated for parity. A cleared distinction is required to classify small I/O and large I/O. The bursty nature and large I/O is seen if the request for the I/O is more than the one third of the cache size. All the small/short I/O’s are addressed in cache thereby avoiding the RAID access. All in all, RAID 5 and 6 are generally preferred for large I/O and sequential I/O operations while RAID 1 and RAID 10 is preferred for short I/O operations. 7. SCOPE FOR IMPROVEMENT This paper goes on the aforementioned aspects and concentrates on monitoring the I/O pattern, analyzing the load on each of the I/O and performing a load balance if required; In addition to the above criteria, taking the I/O pattern into consideration, an appropriate RAID configuration along with write-back cache method is used if necessary. 8. PROPOSED SOLUTION Characterize the I/O pattern The first step is to monitor the I/O and characterize it. This is done using tools such as Perfmon or IO Meter. We plan to use these tools and analyze the I/O pattern of a given application. This monitoring of pattern is required as we will characterize the request as read intensive, write intensive, how the load is being varied. Perform load balancing upon I/O threshold The second step is to perform load balancing. This is done by analyzing the load and identifying the threshold of the I/O from a server HBA Port through the fabric layer to the storage Array. Threshold is a boundary which serves as a benchmark for comparison or guidance, and any deviation or breach of the said threshold may result in a change in state of an overall system. Our proposed infrastructure identifies the threshold by analyzing the I/O graph and monitoring the following parameters: Linear Regression Slope of the curve Using Linear Regression, the value of the slope is calculated. Based on these two parameters, if we observe that if one of the HBA ports is heavily loaded, we tend to balance it out by redistributing the excess load to different cluster nodes. Once the I/O is balanced, an appropriate RAID configuration is calculated. 9. CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK After studying the I/O access patterns of various workloads, we can clearly the map the database application to the physical storage thereby achieving high performance, fast access and retrieval. This would be helpful for DBA’s to deploy management applications and would be easy to track the application performance. This analysis can be implemented at the enterprise level configuration as well resulting in efficient usage of physical storage, making it cost effective and reducing the work for DBA’s or lab administrators. 10. REFERENCES The RAID Book: Sixth Edition. RAID Advisory Board. LACIE: RAID Technology White Paper. RAID: High-Performance, Reliable Secondary Storage – ACM Computing Surveys Peter M. Chen, Edward K. Lee. Array tuning best practices A Dell technical white paper DOI=http://www.dell.com/downloads/global/products/pvaul/en/powervault-md3200i-performance-tuning-white-paper.pdf. Exploring Disk Size and Oracle Disk I/O performance DOI= http://www.openmpe.com/cslproceed/HPW02CD/paper/11026.pdf

Descent to the Underworld in the Aeneid by Virgil and the Odyssey by Ho

Descent to the Underworld in the Aeneid and the Odyssey I chose to compare the Odyssey written by the Greek poet Homer and the Aeneid by the Roman poet Virgil. I will focus my interest on Book 11 of the Odyssey and Book 6 of the Aeneid, since that is when both of the main characters make an educational visit to the underworld. The description of the underworld created by Homer's wild imagination, inspired Virgil eight centuries later. Virgil's masterpiece was planned as an imitation of Homer's poems, so one automatically starts comparing the creations of the two authors. They were separated by eight centuries and by the cultural differences of their people. These differences are reflected on the structure of their compositions. At first the reasons for Aeneas's and Odysseus's voyage to the world below seem similar. Both of them want to receive information from the people who have already died. This knowledge is necessary in order for them to continue a successful life in the real world, amongst the real people. Aeneas wants to ask his wise father Anchises for advise about the foundation of a new state - Rome. His father tells him about the future of his family. This prophecy includes the history of Rome all the way until the days of Virgil himself. What glories follow Dardan generations ====================================== In after years, and from Italian blood What famous children in your line will come, Souls of the future, living in our name, I shall tell clearly now, and in the telling Teach you your destiny.[1] The need for Odysseus to travel to the underworld doesn't seem to be motivated at all... ...not only the characters but also the poets who wrote the two outstanding compositions, on which all of the world's literature is based. Homer who glorifies the great value of a person and Virgil who glorifies the grandeur of the State - Rome. [IMAGE] Works Cited Fagles, Robert. The Odyssey. New York: Penguin Books USA Inc. 1996 Fitzgerald, Robert. The Aeneid. Penguin Books. --------------------------------------------------------------------- [1] Virgil Aeneid B.6 line 1015 [2] Homer Odyssey B.11 line 111 [3] Homer Odyssey B.11 line 129 [4] Homer Odyssey B.11 line 153 [5] Homer Odyssey B.11 line 614 [6] Homer Odyssey B.11 line 540 [7] Virgil Aeneid B.6 line 883 [8] Virgil Aeneid B.6 line 824 [9] Virgil Aeneid B.6 line 835 [10] Virgil Aeneid B.6 line 1230

Human Genetic Screening :: Science Technology Papers

Human Genetic Screening Humans, like all other living organisms, have genes. These genes instruct our bodies to make proteins, these proteins are the molecules that determine the shape and function of each cell. Each gene or set of genes encode for the production of a particular protein.What is a gene ?The term " gene "was created by Wilhelm Johanssen, a Danish botanist in 1911. He was discussing units of inheritance that Mendel called factors.T.H. Morgan's studies on fruit fly genetics led to the idea of a gene as the smallest unit of recombination. Aggregated with this idea was another that said the gene was the unit of mutation, and another that the gene is the unit of function (the smallest unit of control over the phenotype ). Modern evidence suggests that recombination can occur between any two nucleotide, which make the unit of recombination only one nucleotide long . Some mutations change only one nucleotide, so the unit of mutation could be only one nucleotide long . The unit of function is the cis tron which is about 900-1500 nucleotide long. So we can identify the gene as the length of DNA that codes for one functional product (6). DNA of the human species carries more or less the same set of DNA with some variations . Variations in the DNA sequence can be neutral, others might have positive or negative influence. Genetic screening is testing of this variation (2). Human race carries 3000-4000 diseases in it's genes, and it is important to distinguish between inherited diseases and infectious diseases. Inherited diseases are caused by mutated genes which are inherited by an individual from his or her parents (2). The faulty gene will be one of the many healthy thousands of genes we possess in our cells. To pinpoint the location of these faulty genes, scientists search for variations in larger piece of DNA called markers, these subunits lie nearby on the DNA chain, and form the basis of genetic screening. What is genetic screening ? The principle of genetic screening is based on the binding of a probe to the DNA molecule of the patient or the person to be screened. Complementary DNA nucleotide sequences bind to each other. The probe used is usually single stranded DNA, which binds to the test sample. The DNA sample can be analyzed by a technique called restriction fragment polymorphism (RFLP). In this technique the DNA sample is cut up with a mixture of restriction enzymes which cut the DNA at a specific sequences. Human Genetic Screening :: Science Technology Papers Human Genetic Screening Humans, like all other living organisms, have genes. These genes instruct our bodies to make proteins, these proteins are the molecules that determine the shape and function of each cell. Each gene or set of genes encode for the production of a particular protein.What is a gene ?The term " gene "was created by Wilhelm Johanssen, a Danish botanist in 1911. He was discussing units of inheritance that Mendel called factors.T.H. Morgan's studies on fruit fly genetics led to the idea of a gene as the smallest unit of recombination. Aggregated with this idea was another that said the gene was the unit of mutation, and another that the gene is the unit of function (the smallest unit of control over the phenotype ). Modern evidence suggests that recombination can occur between any two nucleotide, which make the unit of recombination only one nucleotide long . Some mutations change only one nucleotide, so the unit of mutation could be only one nucleotide long . The unit of function is the cis tron which is about 900-1500 nucleotide long. So we can identify the gene as the length of DNA that codes for one functional product (6). DNA of the human species carries more or less the same set of DNA with some variations . Variations in the DNA sequence can be neutral, others might have positive or negative influence. Genetic screening is testing of this variation (2). Human race carries 3000-4000 diseases in it's genes, and it is important to distinguish between inherited diseases and infectious diseases. Inherited diseases are caused by mutated genes which are inherited by an individual from his or her parents (2). The faulty gene will be one of the many healthy thousands of genes we possess in our cells. To pinpoint the location of these faulty genes, scientists search for variations in larger piece of DNA called markers, these subunits lie nearby on the DNA chain, and form the basis of genetic screening. What is genetic screening ? The principle of genetic screening is based on the binding of a probe to the DNA molecule of the patient or the person to be screened. Complementary DNA nucleotide sequences bind to each other. The probe used is usually single stranded DNA, which binds to the test sample. The DNA sample can be analyzed by a technique called restriction fragment polymorphism (RFLP). In this technique the DNA sample is cut up with a mixture of restriction enzymes which cut the DNA at a specific sequences.

Analysis of Tide Advertisements Essay examples -- Advertising, Marketi

Tide advertisements from the around the 1970’s only portrayed woman as washing the laundry. Perhaps our civilization has the image set that only women are the ones that do laundry and other household activities. What about men? Men are just as capable to wash their own clothes and clean the house. Tide ads from the 1970’s fit right into the category of women being somewhat degrading in comparison to men. â€Å"Equal opportunity regulations require the upgrading of women into high positions, but may woman who were offered positions had turned them down.† (DeSole 9) What this means is that in the 1970’s women were mainly advertised as being inferior to men. Women were apparently the only ones who use laundry detergents to wash all of their families’ clothes. But this is not only argument in Tide ads. Advertisements in general have changed drastically over the years. Ads have gone from simple black and white prints to prints with every color of the r ainbow, from having so many details on one page to just the image of the ad being sold. Ads in general have gone from being a story on a page to a general image that catches the readers’ immediate attention. Tide ads have come a long way from the 1970’s to 2009. Around the 1970’s Tide ads were very verbose and mostly on cartoons. Women would be in the ads cleaning and showing off the 2 â€Å"miracle tide.† Now when looking at Tide ads, women are not singled out. The Tide product is being advertised on the paper print ad alone. The older Tide ad can be viewed from a feminist prospection and can also be asked why vintage advertisements are so different than new advertisements. Why is it that Tide ads have changed their ways and gone from a woman’s story about the greatest laundry detergent... ...Service=showArticle >. Gloria, DeSole, and Dora Odarenko. "Notes toward an Analysis of Discrimination." Women's Studies Newsletter 3.3/4 (1975): 1-10. Web. 14 Oct 2009. . Prinsloo, Jeanne. "Where Are the Women?." Agenda 31 (1996): 40-49. Web. 14 Oct 2009. .

A Gender Gap In Math Achievement Education Essay

Is There a Gender Gap in Math Achievement and How Can We Explain It?For many old ages the position has been that there exists great difference between the academic public presentation of between work forces and adult females, and particularly within the countries of scientific discipline and mathematics. This gender disparity in instruction within the US has been studied extensively by legion bookmans who have tried to detect if so there are unconditioned capablenesss in both sexes that make them hold differences in public presentation in scientific discipline and mathematics. The claims reported by Spelke ( 2005 ) are that few adult females show the endowments required in the Fieldss of scientific discipline and mathematics, hence there are fewer adult females within these Fieldss. The other position is that the sex differences in these Fieldss are due to the familial base which makes adult females have a smaller intrinsic attitude towards scientific discipline and mathematics. One such survey was carried out by Lawrence Summers when he was at the Harvard University. In his survey he tried to detect if there were any unconditioned capablenesss in both sexes that determined how they performed in both their faculty member and professional Fieldss in scientific discipline and technology. Apart from this research there are a many more researches that have been carried out to mensurate by how much or if there is any biological differences between the sexes that make them execute different in mathematics and scientific discipline. This paper shall discourse the being of the gender differences that drives the differences in public presentation in scientific discipline and mathematics of work forces and adult females. It is critical to understand the grounds why the difference in gender has been attributed to the cause in the differences in public presentation in scientific discipline and mathematics. This paper shall look into these differences that cut across all age groups, from the school traveling to the college pupils. It has been proposed that the differences that are seen in both adult females and work forces in public presentation in scientific discipline and mathematics have been associated with the differences in gender. Despite the progresss in the modern western universe there still exist strong societal cultural influences on perceptual experiences of gender and gender functions. Work force and adult females have been made to specify themselves on the footing of the distinguishable psychological and behavioural sensitivities that are associated with the biological maps. Therefore this sensitivity will drive work forces and adult females to act different, execute different undertaking s and do different picks. It is the definition of the individual in footings of maleness and women's rightist that drives them to act ad think as they do. With such thought in head, it becomes progressively hard to hold uniformity in public presentation in work forces and adult females at work and in faculty members. Marini, ( 2010 ) showed that so the greatest influence of this difference is the societal and cultural fluctuations that contribute to the sex differences. In her research biological differences do to some extent affect the behaviour and functions of the sexes, but it is the societal facets that have the greatest part to these differences. The societal structural agreement has made adult females and work forces base their thought and cognitive abilities on biological differences ( Baker & A ; Jones, 2006 ) . This so means that we are normally under the influence of our societal and cultural assignments that define who we are and what we can or can non make. The American society has defined and stratified the functions of the gender. It is this assignment of functions by the society that influences the grade to which the sexes addition and command the resources they have. Often our society has been specifying functions and responsibilities of the sexes based on gender class, for this ground gender differences exist within this society. The society has a strong influence on how work forces and adult females perform in scientific discipline and mathematics because it defines what function, responsibility or assignment is to be fulfilled by each ( Marini, 2010 ) . The adult male in society is superior to the adult females and is assigned tougher functions and responsibilities ; he is seen as the supplier, defender, more bright and has higher rational facets than the adult females ( West & A ; Zimmerman, 2007 ) . It is this societal facet that has given the adult male a male advantage and accordingly expected him to execute better at scientific discipline and mathematics. For this ground the instructors will handle male childs and misss otherwise in scientific discipline and mathematics categories. The ground being such countries of academic survey have been held as hard and ambitious, and merely the work forces can accomplish such feasts ( Baker & A ; Jones, 2006 ) . The instructor will so do the male child feel they need to execute good in these countries and will give their attending and resources to them. On the other manus the instructor will give the miss the perceptual experience that it is non incorrect for them to neglect in the topics, because the instructor does no anticipate them to execute good in these topics. Such positions are still woven elaborately in society where the society and the household influence the type of calling and profession work forces and adult females would take. In Marini ( 2010 ) , adult females are frequently encouraged to take up academic classs and topics that would take them in fostering callings of nursing, instruction and secretarial. Such callings and professions were seen as befitting adult females and give adult females a opportunity to take attention of her household. Mean while the Fieldss of scientific discipline and engineering are left to the work forces, this is because they are perceived to hold the rational capableness to manage the complex mathematics and advanced thoughts behind the Fieldss. It is being noted that there is increased diminution in the differences in scientific discipline and mathematics callings and professions between the genders as we find more adult females within these Fieldss. Recent research workers have shown that while the construction within the these Fieldss have changed with more adult females being found at the helm of such countries, there is still gender stratification in the high school degree, this can be found within surveies like ( Leahey & A ; Guo, 2001 ; Entwisle, Karl & A ; Olson, 2004 ; Spelke, 2005 ; Gallagher & A ; Kaufman, 2005 ; Baker & A ; Jones, 2006 ) . This difference in gender public presentation has been attributed to the perceptual experience that male childs and misss receive different attendings from their instructors in mathematics categories. This has created the gender spread within the academic Fieldss in America that have driven the differences in public presentation in scientific discipline and mathematics. The survey by Leahey and Guo ( 2001 ) tried to demo the extent of the gender differences in mathematics and particularly the different countries like geometry and logical thinking. It has been found that there is a male advantage for those pupils traveling to college within the field of mathematics. In their research they showed that males have a higher public presentation in mathematics in the high school degree and particularly in the college entryway test. The ground why this has been tested is because the high school mathematics has been the key to the pick in faculty members in the college degree and accordingly affects subsequently pick in profession. The ground why the American society has seen important differences in occupational segregation and gender socialisation in the populace sector is due to the gender differences in mathematics public presentation. In Leahey and Guo ( 2001 ) we find that this occupational segregation begins in high school mathematics where the scholastic aptitude trial ( SAT ) mathematics is performed better by male than the female. This is the same for the American College Test ( ACT ) mathematics subdivision that is performed better by the male. The same position is held by Entwisle, Karl and Olson ( 2004 ) , who have argued that the being of this disparity has been the cause of the differences within the callings and professional Fieldss. In their analysis it is the differences in the experiences of the male and female that is a beginning of the difference in public presentation in mathematics. The thought is that due to the school environment, male childs and misss will execute otherwise in these topics. They tried to demo this difference existed based on a comparing on simple as compared to the high school experience. In their survey they discovered that the experiences the male childs and misss had while in school affected their public presentation in mathematics. This experience was driven by the school environment where the instructors, disposal, parents and other pupils determine the public presentation in scientific discipline and mathematics. The pupils have been seen to be under the influence of their parents on the pick of topics, calling and accordingly public presentation. A parent who teaches their kids that they failed in scientific discipline and mathematics and hence does non anticipate the kids to make any better is a factor. Teachers who besides have biased positions towards misss and scientific discipline and mathematics besides drive down the public presentation of such misss. In the school state of affairs equal force per unit area is besides a major driver of public presentation in scientific discipline and mathematics. Entwisle, Karl and Olson ( 2004 ) merely showed that there were experiences from the school and vicinity resources that affected the development of mathematical accomplishments in the pupils. In their survey they revealed that there were contextual facets in the environment that affected the mathematical accomplishments in the male childs more than those in the misss. Male childs are able to react more to the resources in the vicinity than misss can, I the procedure they develop different accomplishments than the misss. Such accomplishments obtained from their milieus have been associated with the mathematical competence of male childs. The ground being that boys spend more of their clip in the vicinity than misss ; hence they are able to pull experience from their milieus than misss. This is because the society limits the geographic expedition capablenesss in misss while it encourages male childs to research more. This is the same position that is held by West & A ; Zimmerman, ( 2007 ) that shows that the Sociocultural facets influences male childs to research their environment more so the misss. Male childs are given the freedom to research and play around the vicinity, while misss were encouraged to remain at place. It is this geographic expedition that helps boys to develop better spatial and numerical abilities that see them execute better in mathematics. The experience within the vicinity and their milieus assist them farther develop their spacial accomplishments more than misss. Spatial accomplishments can merely develop if one is able to pattern them frequently, where the best country to make so is in the field. This difference in accomplishments is besides explained by Leahey and Guo ( 2001 ) , who showed that both misss and male childs have different mathematical accomplishments. Males have an advantage over misss in certain mathematical countries like their ability to quantitatively ground and do usage of spacial visual image abilities ( Gallagher & A ; Kaufman, 2005 ) . This same spacial accomplishments and concluding capablenesss are obtained by the male childs from their environment in which they are allowed to play in. since the misss do non hold the same equal playing field their logical thinking and spacial accomplishments are non good developed like those of the male childs. The same explains why males have better mathematical logical thinking and geometry accomplishments than misss. Leahey and Guo ( 2001 ) besides supported Entwisle, Karl and Olsonaa‚Â ¬a„?s ( 2004 ) theory with the determination that it is at the simple degree that these accomplishments are developed . The conducive factor is the socialisation procedure that the misss and male childs go through as they develop and learn at the simple age. Apart from socialisation the differences in mathematics public presentation has besides been associated with the cognitive differences in males and females. It has been argued that it is these cognitive differences that have enabled work forces to execute better at mathematics than adult females. Spelke ( 2005 ) associated this knowledge to the ability for work forces from the beginning to concentrate on objects that make them able to larn mechanical systems. As was seen by other surveies, Spelke ( 2005 ) besides supports that the spacial, concluding and numerical differences in work forces give them the ability to manage mathematical jobs. This is the 2nd factor that affects the cognitive differences between work forces and adult females. Another decisive factor is the variableness of the knowledge of males that give them that border needed in mathematics. It has been propose that the ground males perform better in mathematics is due to the sensitivity for them to larn about objects and the mechanical interactions in them from an early age. This sensitivity tends to do the adult females to switch towards larning about people and their emotional interactions. This interaction is seen more in ulterior life at the ages of school traveling kids instead than in babies ( Spelke, 2005 ) . This can be attributed to the socialisation of the kid that will do them levitate towards their gender assigned drama playthings and play subjects. Spelke ( 2005 ) proved that when speech production of the difference in knowledge there is no pronounced differences between babies. These disparities can be explained by the factors that are at drama when male childs and misss are developing. It is a complex state of affairs if knowledge is to be associated with the differences in mathematical public presentation of male childs and misss ( Gallagher & A ; Kaufman, 2005 ) . Given the same experience misss and male childs will get the same accomplishments and cognition in mathematics, demoing that knowledge and biological temperament has nil to make with the differences. This can merely be explained by Williams, Birke and Bendelow ( 2003 ) where the factors at drama are the implicit in interplay of biological capablenesss and environmental influences. This interplay of factors is the determiner of how the cognitive and accomplishments abilities in mathematics of work forces and adult females develop and accordingly differ. It is the society that has the greatest impact on the differences between male childs and misss public presentation in mathematics. The socialisation interactions of both male childs and misss are the ground why their cognitive abilities develop different signifier each other. Towards this terminal, Williams, Birke and Bendelow ( 2003 ) supports old surveies that have shown that the socialisation procedure is the predominate determiner of the differences in public presentation in mathematic. They have shown that there exist different interventions for both male childs and misss in our society from the place, school and workplace. In the procedure our gender is under the influence of civilization, where gender functions and responsibilities are defined by the same civilization. The position is that it is the societal statements that fuel scientific positions that so there are gender disparities in spacial and cognitive abilities of the sexes. Harmonizing to West and Zimmerman ( 2007 ) , it is the facet of work forces and adult females making gender functions and seeking to carry through gender that gives the differences in accomplishment in mathematics. The facet of seeking to be gender gives the work forces and adult females the ability to develop competences and recognize productivity that is based on the societal restraints. The societal construction thrusts worlds to hold a perceptual experience, interactions, and accomplishments that are based on societal complexnesss. This societal facet influences the unconscious determination by may adult females to go forth scientific discipline and mathematics callings and take up other Fieldss. Such societal complexnesss define how adult females and work forces perceive themselves in footings of their calling and professional development. The outlook of those who engage stop up in the Fieldss of scientific discipline and mathematics is that they have to set in more hours in the office, where they have to hold flexible agendas that can react to the eventualities of their occupations. Within his model, the callings in scientific discipline and mathematics will drive them to demo a continued attempt in their life rhythm, where the head is invariably working on jobs during and after working hours ( Summers, 2005 ) . The image promoted is that such callings drive work forces and adult females to demo a high degree of committedness to the work. For this ground, many work forces are ready to give this committedness with fewer adult females preferring to take up callings that can give them clip for the household. With such a perceptual experience in topographic point many misss wil l pay less attending to mathematics as compared to the male childs, giving the differences in public presentation ( Summers, 2005 ) . This societal perceptual experience of what one should anticipate if they follow a certain field has been one of the drive forces behind the differences in public presentation of work forces and adult females. Work force from an early age are expected to carry through their masculine functions as the suppliers and defenders. For this ground, the inclination is that work forces will take up callings and professions that can reflect this. Like was seen in West & A ; Zimmerman ( 2001 ) and Marini ( 2010 ) . These pigeonholing functions are still present in modern America and have been described extensively by Summers ( 2005 ) as the cause of the pick of callings by adult females. Such gender stereotyping besides influences how work forces and adult females perform in mathematics and scientific discipline. With a deficiency of involvement in scientific discipline and mathematics as a calling for the adult females, many will non set much attempt in these academic countries. Their involvem ent will be in the societal, linguistic communication and art faculty members where they excel and seek to hardly acquire a base on balls in the scientific discipline and mathematics countries. Often the society will wonder and inquire at adult females who excels in these Fieldss, with remarks to the consequence that she is tough being directed to her. It is the gender societal concepts that have shaped the perceptual experience of misss of scientific discipline and mathematics and have influenced their public presentation in these countries. As we develop our perceptual experience of gender is shaped by the society that defines who we are, what we can make. Therefore the differences in public presentation in male childs and misss mathematics and scientific discipline are under the influence of the societal cultural factors. These have in consequence created an environment where capablenesss and abilities are limited by the socially assigned gender functions.